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| study of why people act the way they do and why different people act differently |
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| originally dominated personality theory, goes back to hippocrated when based on physical appearance; Alfred Adler suggested personal typology |
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| used in 1800s; discerning personality from skill and head shape |
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| type theorist; based personality theory on body type; endomorph; mesopmorph; ectomorph |
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| approach that attempts to capture an individual's unique defining characteristics; traits are relatively enduring characteristics |
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| emphasized ideographic approach to personality theory, used large numbers of people to study commonalities of personality; concerned with what conscious motives governed by the proprium |
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| Gordon Allport's version of the ego, acts consistently based on traits it had developed through experience |
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| relatively stable characteristics of behavior that a person exhibits |
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| picking all of the possible traits out of a dictionary |
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| Allport's trait hierarchy |
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| cardinal traits, central traits, and primary traits; always be consistent with cardinal |
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| Allport's trait hierarchy |
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| cardinal traits, central traits, and primary traits; always be consistent with cardinal |
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| organized categorization systems; used to study trait theory of personality; Raymond Cattell |
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| used factor analysis to reduce data of Allport, identified 16 bipolar source traits; later used to mark down to big 5 |
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| Big Fave personality traits |
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| OCEAN; openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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| original theorists of personality, emphasized internal determinants of behavior |
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| such as behaviorists; argues that situations govern behavior |
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| believe in a combination of stable, internal forces, and situations in understanding personality |
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| Seymour epstein and walter mischel's criticism of personality theories |
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| trait and type thoeries assume that a person's behavior is stable across situation |
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| possibility that people may behave inconsistently |
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| cognitive prototype approach |
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| Michsel and Nancy Cantor; cognitive behavior is examined in social situations; believed consistency of behavior is the result of cognitive processes |
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| twin studies of personality |
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| shows heritability of personality is about 40-50%; found similarity in twins raised apart |
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| gender differences theories |
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| nature-nurture; interactionist |
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| believed women's success at men's tasks were attributed to luck, while men attributed them to skill; lower self esteem |
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| studied androgyny, created Bem-Sex role inventory; found to have higher self exteem, lower anxiety |
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| suggested that females shunned masculine success because they feared success and its repurcussions, resentment and rejection |
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| Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin |
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| found that most gender differences could be explained by social learning; common different was women's greater verbal ability, men's greater visual/spatial |
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| found interaction between gender and social status with regard to how easily an individual might be influenced or swayed |
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| Meyer friedman and Ray Rosenman; characterized by drive, competition, aggressiveness, and tension; Grant Dahlstrom linked it to heart disease and other health problems |
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| used factor analysis to identify underlying traits of two personality dimensions-introversion-extroversion and stable-unstable/neurotic; created 4 quadrants of personaly |
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| Martin Seligman; demonstrates how experience can change people's personalities; after series of events where one has no control, develop a negative explanatory style; countered with learned optimism |
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| multiplicative observation |
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| method of discerning personality from a variety of observations and situations |
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| disposition to view the world as full of power relationships; measured by fascism scale (F-scale) |
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| individuals have a great need for arousal |
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| people often make assumption about the dispositions of an individual based on the actions of that person |
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| George Kelley; conscious ideas about the self, other, and situations that determine personality and behavior |
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| self defeating behavior that allows one to dismiss or excuse failure |
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| critical of personality trait theory |
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| phenomenological view of personality |
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| focuses on the individual's unique self and experiences |
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| characterized by scrutiny of one's own behavior, motivation to act appropriately, rather than honestly; ability to mask true feelings |
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| tendency to agree with and accept personality interpretations that are provided |
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| external and internal locus of control; viewing events as either caused by luck or by self |
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| external v. internal locus of control |
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| viewing things as attributal to outside forces or of one's own actions |
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| dispositional attribution |
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| tendency for others to think that actions are caused more by a person's personality than by the situtions; fundamental attribution error |
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| a state; temporary condition of being aware of how you are thinking, feeling, doing |
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| trait; paying a lot of attention to yourself |
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| mirrors effect on self awareness |
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| small mirrors have little effect; large mirrors make us more self aware as we see ourselves the way others do |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); California Personality Invenstory (CPI) |
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| Thematic Apperception Test |
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| TAT; Henry Murray; ambiguous story cards; people projects needs (ie, achievement) onto the cards |
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| found personality changes very little after age of 30 |
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