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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| the founder of psychology |
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| early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences |
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| early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences |
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| personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior |
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| school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning |
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| school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction |
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| Major Perspectives in Psychology |
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1. Biological
2. Psychodynamic
3. Behavioral
4. Humanistic
5. Positive Psychology
6. Cognitive
7. Cross-Cultural
8. Evolutionary |
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| emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems |
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| study bow behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes |
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| focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential |
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| focusing on the study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster those qualities in individuals and communities |
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| focused on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think |
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| Cross-Cultural Perspective |
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| studying the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries |
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| the application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena |
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| a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions |
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| Steps in the Scientific Method |
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1. formulate a specific question that can be tested
2. design a study to collect relevant data
3. analyze the data to arrive at conclusions
4. report the results |
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| a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables |
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| a factor that can vary, or change |
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| the variable in very specific terms as to how it will be measured, manipulated, or changed |
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| a branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data |
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| Statistically Significant |
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| a mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance |
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| a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends |
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| to repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings |
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| a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations |
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| fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence |
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| scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events |
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| the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms an existing belief while ignoring evidence that might contradict or undermine the belief |
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| the systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting |
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| an intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals |
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| a questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group |
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| a selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied |
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| a selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics |
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| process in which subjects are selected randomly from a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included in the study |
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