Term
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Definition
| The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it. The I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception of a relationship where none exists. When we believe there is a relationship between two things we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief. |
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Term
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Definition
| " I praise you for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your works, my soul knows it well." |
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Term
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Definition
| The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. the tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap. |
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Term
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Definition
(Arousing)
-Pupils dilate
-decrease in salvation
-Skin perspires
-Heart accelerates |
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Term
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Definition
(Calming)
-Pupils contract
-salvation increases
-skin dries
-Heart slows |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the fact that are brain can process more than one thing at a time. There is the high road which is our conscious knowledge of processing and the low road, which is the unconscious processing of information. |
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Term
| What are some of the effects of being sleep deprived? |
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Definition
-Hindered immune system
-Obesity
-Lack of clarity and remembering. You become "dumb". |
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Term
| What are some of the signs of addiction? |
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Definition
-Withdrawal
-Dependence
-Tolerance |
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Term
| Name some of the major types/categories of addictive drugs? |
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Definition
-Opiates -Depressants -Stimulants -Hallucinogens
Opiates: Pg.89
Depressants: AlcoholÂ
Stimulants: Caffine, cocanine, meth
Hallucinogens: LSD, Weed |
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Term
| What sort of information do twin studies reveal? Discuss implications |
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Definition
| The reveal the role that nature and nurture plays in a persons life. The book gives the example of the identical Jims who were remarkably similar despite being raised apart.However genes matter in explaining individual differences in twins. |
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Term
Define and Illustrate:
The principle of conservation |
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Definition
| This is the ability to realize and understand the consistency of the volume of something. For example: a child's ability to recognize that when you pour liquid from one container to a different one of a different size, the volume doesn't change despite it's appearance. |
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Term
Define and illustrate:
The principle of object permenance |
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Definition
| Understanding that when something is hidden it does not cease to exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensation are the things that we receive from the sensory receptors in the body. Our sensory receptors give us sense of touch, pain, taste, sound, vision (color)that are sent to the brain and perceived (manifested) to us. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. It can also be the way that we "perceive" events happening. |
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Term
| Wavelength (frequency) and intensity are concepts that refer to two of the sense modalities. Identify the two and how they manifest in each case: |
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Definition
Vision (optics)- wavelength (measured from peak to peak of wave) determines hue (color) that we see reflected from an object, and intensity of the wavelength reveals brightness or dullness of the object.
Hearing (Auditory)- Wavelength frequency (how fast or slow each peak of a wave is passing through a point) determines the pitch. The intensity determines the loudness (amplitude) of the sound. |
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Term
| What is perceptual constancy? |
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Definition
| Hamilton gives the example of knowing what color something is even when the lighting changes. |
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Term
| What are the three paradigms of learning? Give an example of each. |
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Definition
1.)Classical: Associating two or more stimuli together and predicting events because of that. More specifically events that you are not necessarily in control of. Ex. Tone comes right before dog gets food so since dog salivates when he eats, he naturally starts salivating when he hears the tone.
2.) Opertant: Events where the organism's reaction is a part of.Desired response Desired response is stronger with reinforcer and diminished with punisher. Ex. is kid that cries when mom says that he has to go to bed and as a result mom caves and lets him stay us. Crying is a negative reinforcer.
3.) Observation:Learning from seeing other people do. Ex. When child sees adult beating and yelling at a blow up doll, when they are aggravated and alone they tend to do the same thing. |
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Term
| Give an example of positive reinforcement: |
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Definition
| Giving a child a hug when they do something good. |
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Term
| Give an example of negative reinforcement: |
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Definition
| Car making a beeping noise until you buckle your seat belt. |
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Term
| Give an example of positive punishment: |
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Definition
| If a person is speeding, give them a ticket and explain to them that what they were doing was dangerous. |
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Term
| Give an example of negative punishment: |
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Definition
| Spanking or yelling at a child. (This can suppress child's bad habit or cause violent behavior tendencies.) |
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Term
| What is the serial position effect? |
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Definition
| This is when a large amount of data is presented to a person consecutively, and the tendency for that person to remember the first and last pieces of data and not the data that is in the middle. |
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Term
| At about what age does long-term memory start for most people? |
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Definition
| Long-term memory starts at about age 5 or 6. |
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Term
| What is flashbulb memory? |
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Definition
| The tendency to remember certain experiences more vividly due to high emotional status causing the person to have a more vivid detail of that memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Touch, taste, auditory, visual (optics), smell, vestibular, kinestetic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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Term
| What is a critical period? |
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Definition
| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
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Term
| What is REM and when does it happen? |
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Definition
| This is Rapid Eye Movement sleep. It is a reoccurring sleep stage, during which vivid dreams commonly occur. During this stage muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active. |
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Term
| What are mnemonics? Give an example. |
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Definition
| memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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Term
| Recognition, recall, relearning(ch.9) |
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Definition
-Recognition: He gave the example of multiple choice.
Recall- He gave the example of the
format of his tests now.
Relearn: A measure of memory that asses the amount of time that saved when relearning material for the second time. |
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Term
| Gardener's theory of intelligence |
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Definition
most people think of intelligence as IQ, they measure smartness by logical/mathematical and linguistic abilities. Gardener says it is much more then that. He lists 8 different types of intelligences that people can excel in:
1.) Mathematical/logical
2.) linguistic
3.)body/kenesteics
4.)Art/spacial
5.)Music
6.)Interpersonal
7.)intrapersonal
8.)Naturalist |
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Term
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Definition
| He says they are Social intelligence, the ability to pick up from other non- verbal social cues, ability to predict reaction, being aware of your own feelings. |
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Term
| What is motivation theory? (ch.10) |
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Definition
| **Motivation: A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. |
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Term
| Drive-reduction theory (ch.10) |
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Definition
| The idea that a physiological need creates an arousal tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Ch.10) |
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Definition
Maslow's pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
review Pyramid page 342. |
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Term
| What is a stressor? (he says that he talks about this a lot in class).(ch.11) |
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Definition
Chapter 11 is about stress **Stress:The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
It is any enviormental event or situation to which you must adapt and stress the reactor of our body to a stressor to bring us back into homeiostasis. |
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Term
| What happens during an emotional reaction? (anger, fear) |
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Definition
| sympathetic the body sends adrenaline |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
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Term
| What is an operational definition and why is it important? (ch.1) |
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Definition
| A statement of the procedures (operations)used to define research variables. (they use really specific wording to describe their research). This is important so that people can replicate the original observations with different participants, materials, and circumstances. Helps test reliability. |
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Term
| Defense mechanisms (ch.12) |
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Definition
| Reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial, regression. DM is a way that the Ego protects itself from anxiety. They are tactics that function indirectly and unconsciously reducing anxiety by disgusing some threatening impulse. |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error (FAE- this is the one thing that we have to know from chapter 15). |
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Definition
| Our tendency to overestimate personality influences and underestimate situational influences. This happens a lot in individualistic western societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largely conscious "executive" part of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among demands of the id, superego and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards of judgement (of conscience) and for future aspirations. |
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