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| Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth. |
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| The scientific study of the nervous system. |
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| Studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. |
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| The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning. |
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| The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. |
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| The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking. |
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| An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. |
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| Evolutionary Psychologist |
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Definition
| The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection. |
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| Developmental psychologist |
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Definition
| The scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |
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| An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind. |
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| Looking inward for answers to psychological questions. |
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| Established the first psychology laboratory at the university of Leipzig, Germany. |
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| Considered it fruitful to study the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. |
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| a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. |
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| The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
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| Nature-Nurture controversy |
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| The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
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Definition
| The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. |
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| The study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments. |
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Definition
| Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. |
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| Deliberate search, carried out with care and forethought, as contrasted with the casual and largely passive perceptions of everyday life. |
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| Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations. |
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| Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance. |
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Definition
| A small group whose characteristics accurately reflect those of the larger population from which it is drawn. |
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| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. |
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| Records behavior in natural environments. |
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| An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
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| The perception of a relationship where none exist. |
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| The tendency to be more confident than correct. |
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| A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. |
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| The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. |
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Definition
| The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. |
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| The most frequently occurring score in a distribution. |
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Definition
| A statistical index of the relationship between two things. |
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| The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. |
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| A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. |
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Definition
| The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. |
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Definition
| In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, to one version of the independent variable. |
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| The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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Definition
| The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| Operational Definition of Variables |
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| A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. |
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| The science of behavior and mental processes. |
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| Unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information. |
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Definition
| The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. |
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Definition
| The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. |
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Definition
| The self-reference effect is a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information. |
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Definition
| Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. |
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Definition
| The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. |
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Definition
| The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. |
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Definition
| A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. |
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Definition
| A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. |
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Definition
| The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood. |
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| The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. |
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Definition
| A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli |
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Definition
| A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli |
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Definition
| The processing of information into the memory system |
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Definition
| The retention of encoded information over time. |
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Definition
| The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
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Definition
| Our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list. |
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Definition
| Activated memory that holds a few items briefly. |
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Definition
| The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. |
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Definition
| The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
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Definition
| The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
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Definition
| Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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Definition
| Retention independent of conscious recollection. |
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| Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” |
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