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| scientific study of mind and behavior |
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| observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals |
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| Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) |
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| -neuroimaging technique which allows one to see which parts of the brain are active during a given task(the last 20-25 years) |
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| When is your brain active? |
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| Where a part of your brain is using more blood, its more active |
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| relationship between A and B |
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| Two original movements in psychology |
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| structuralism and functionalism |
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| analyze the mind by breaking it down into its basic components |
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| study how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments |
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| the philosophical view that a certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn |
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| the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
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| Rene’ Descartes (1596-1650) |
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| french philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body |
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| Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) |
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| Believed you could touch the scalp and figure out what you’re good and bad at; phrenology |
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| : a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain |
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| Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) |
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| surgically removed brain pieces; argued against Gall’s methods; When a part of the brain is removed, you’re gonna act differently. Showed that brain and mind are not dualism |
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| studied brain damaged patients(left frontal lobe) to link localization to ability |
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| the study of biological processes, especially in the human body |
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| Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) |
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| studied human reaction time; estimated the length of nerve impulse |
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| sensory input from the environment |
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| the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus |
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| opened the first psychological laboratory |
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| a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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| the subjective observation of one’s own experience |
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| Edward titchener (1867-1927) |
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| studied under Wundt; focused on identifying basic elements of the mind |
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| William James (1842-1910) |
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| first to take scientific approach to study Psych; wrote The Principles Of Psychology |
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| Charles Darwin(1809-1882) |
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| inspired James; wrote On the Origin Of Species by Means Of Natural Selection |
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| the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations |
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| G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) |
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| set up first psych lab in NA; focused on development and education. Founded the American Journal of Psychology |
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| Jean- Martin Charcot(1825-1893), Pierre Janet(1859-1947) |
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| studied hysteric patients through hypnosis |
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| a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences |
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| hysteria caused from painful unconscious experiences |
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| the part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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| approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thought, behaviors |
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| a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious materail into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders |
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| Carl Jung(1875-1961), Alfred Adler(1870-1937) |
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| followed but broke away from Freud |
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| Abraham Maslow(1908-1970), Carl Rogers(1902-1987) |
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| pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology |
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| an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings |
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| an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior |
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| goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior |
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| Margaret Washburn(1871-1939) |
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| studied behavior in different animal species; published The Animal Mind |
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| studied the physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning(stimulus-response) |
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| an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus |
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| Burrhus Frederick(B.F.) skinner(1904-1990) |
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| developed the “Skinner box” or conditioning chamber to explain learning, and founded operant conditioning; published The Behavior of Organisms, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Walden II |
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| the consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again |
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| errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality |
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founded induced motion phenomena;
Gestalt psychology |
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| a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |
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| Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886-1969) |
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| discovered that memory recall is flawed |
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| Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) |
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| Forgetting curve; learn it and then forget it by the day after |
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| studied cognitive development (errors) in children;Came up with a four stage development |
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| studied the construal of stimuli; topology as a mathematical to model subjective experience |
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| the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning |
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| Donald Broadbent(1926-1993) |
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| discovered attention has limited capacity;Hard to do more than one thing at once |
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| lesioned a rats’ brains to unsuccessfully localize learning; lead to physiological psychology |
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| an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes |
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| a field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
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| a psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection |
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| a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior |
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| studied “mental chemistry” and obedience in lab experiments |
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| Gordon Allport (1897-1967) |
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| studied stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as perceptual errors |
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| the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members |
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| culture makes little difference on psychology |
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| psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures |
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| first female president of APA |
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| first african american president of APA |
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| The belief that knowledge can be acquired through observation |
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| a set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence |
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| Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039) |
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| father of scientific method |
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| a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenoma |
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| a falsifiable prediction made by a theory |
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| a set of rules and techniques for observation |
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| a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms |
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| a device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers(for example, an EMG |
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| the extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related |
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| the tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing |
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| the ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition |
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| those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should |
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| a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
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| expectation can influence observations and influence perceptions of reality |
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| an observation that whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed |
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| a graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made |
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| a mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle |
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| brief summary statements about a frequency distribution |
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| a property whose value can vary across individuals or over time |
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| a measure of the direction and strength of a correlation |
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| a correlation observed in the world around us |
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| the fact that a casual relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third variable correlation |
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| Third-variable correlation |
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| the fact that two variables are correlated only bc each is casually related to a third variable |
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| a technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable |
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| a technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable |
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| a technique for establishing the casual relationship between variables |
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| the creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its casual powers |
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| the variable that is manipulated in an experiment |
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| the variable that is measured in a study |
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| a procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group |
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| the group of people who are treated in a particular way in an experiment |
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| the group of people who are not treated in a particular way that the experimental group is treated in an experiment |
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| a problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group |
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| the characteristic of an experiment that established that casual relationship between variables |
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| the property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way; are they representative of the real world |
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| a method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual |
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| a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample |
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| the part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive |
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| the part of a neuron that receives info from other neurons and relays it to the cell body |
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| the part of a neuron that transmits info to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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| an insulating layer of fatty material |
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| the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another |
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| cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform info-processing tasks |
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| Santiago Ramon Cajal (1852-1934) |
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| first stained neurons in the brain |
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| neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord |
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| neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement |
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| neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons |
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| Neurons specialized by location |
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| Purkinje cells, pyramidal cells, bipolar cells |
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| recently Found in frontal and parietal lobes and have identified in other species in addition to humans; Activated when an organism engages in a behavior or observes another engage in that behavior |
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| the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neurons cell membrane |
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| an electric signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse |
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| the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated |
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| Info is passed between neurons through chemicals |
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| knoblike structures that branch out from an axon |
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| knoblike structures that branch out from an axon |
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| parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal |
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| Types of neurotransmitters |
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| Acetylcholine,Dopamine,Glutamate,BAGA,Norepinephrine,Serotonin,Endorphins |
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| chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain (Runners high) |
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| involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior |
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| influences mood and arousal |
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| major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain |
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| major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in info transmission throughout the brain |
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| regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal |
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| involved in a number of functions including voluntary motor control |
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| how do drugs affect the nervous system? |
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| increasing, interfering with or mimicking neurotransmitters |
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| drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter |
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| an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical info throughout the body |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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| connects the CNS to the body’s organs and muscles |
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| conveys info into and out of the CNS |
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| Autonomic nervous systems |
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| carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands |
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| Sympathetic nervous systems |
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| prepares the body for action in threatening situations |
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| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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| helps the body return to a normal resting state |
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| simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions |
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| three major divisions of the brain |
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| midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain |
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coordinates info coming into and out of the spinal cord, and controls the basic functions of life
Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons |
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: important for orientation and movement
Tectum, tegmentum |
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highest level of brain; critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions
Cerebral cortex, subcortical structures |
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| thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland |
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| relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the info to the cerebral cortex |
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| regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; also part if the Limbic System |
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| the “master gland” of the body’s hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body |
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| the “master gland” of the body’s hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body |
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| a group of forebrain structures involved in motivation, emotion, learning, and memory |
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| plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories |
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| critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex |
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| hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus |
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| highest level of the brain |
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| left and right hemisphere of brain |
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| contralateral control,Commisures; corpus callosum: a thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of info across the hemispheres |
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| occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal |
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| responsible for hearing and language |
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| processes info about touch |
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| has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment |
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| areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to info registered in the cortex |
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| functions that were assigned to certain areas of the brain may be capable of being reassigned to other areas of the brain to accommodate changing input from the environment |
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| unit of hereditary transmission; sections on strands of DNA organized into chromosomes |
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| strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration |
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| : a measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors |
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| Structural brain shows underlying brain structure |
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| Functional brain imaging shows brain activity while someone engages in a cognitive or motor task |
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| irreversible loss of all functions of the brain |
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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| a device used to record electrical activity in the brain |
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