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| theory of learning that focuses solely on observable Behavior (thinking, wishing, hoping) |
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learning that occurs when we make a connection occasion between 2 events (principles of humans and animals)
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| how doctors office reminds us of shots |
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| performing in swimming is associated with awards |
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| learning process where the toilet flushes and its hot in the shower, then the toilet flushes again and you panic. |
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| unconditioned stimulus UCS |
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| Stimulus that produces an automatic unconditioned response (Food for dog) |
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| UCR Unconditioned Response |
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| unlearned reaction (dog food makes dog salivate) |
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| neural stimulus that is paired with UCS (Bell is CS plus UCS(food) = UCR (food) |
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| learned response to just CS. Bell rung dog salivates but no food |
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| initial step of establishing and strengthening response |
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| gradual fading of the conditioned stimulus. (dog wont salivate when bell is rung and no food is given) |
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tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to CS
(police car lights) |
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| ability to distinguish behavior a CS and another similar stimulus |
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| problem with drug addicts where they return to previous living conditions |
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| form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with an unpleasent stimulus (Alcohol and nausea) |
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| CER conditioned emotional response |
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| decresed responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations |
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behavior that is strengthened or weakened dependig on consequences that follow it
BF Skinmer |
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| Thorndike's law of effect |
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| behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. |
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| rewarding a stimulus will increase the probability that it will happen again |
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| rewarding approximations of desired behavior; like rat if its on same half as bar, then withen 2 inches of bar, etc.) |
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| increase in frequency of behavior in response to something that is good |
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| increase in behavior in response to removal of somethig that is unpleasent |
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| like getting a bad grade once and studying harder then the behavior sticks |
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| learned that they have no control over negative outcomes |
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| one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. (food,water,sex) |
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| acquires positive value through an organisms experience (getting an A on test, or paycheck) |
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| performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation |
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| responding appropriatly to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced (university student discount in sign of window) |
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| decrease in the frequency of behavior when he behavior is no longer enforced. (soda machine that eats your quarters all the time now) |
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| presentation of unpleasent stimulus following behavior in order to decrase frequency of behavior (run sprints after a bad practice) |
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| removal of positive stimulus in order to decrese frequency of that behavior (Time out, grounded) |
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| effectivness of punishment |
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| immediate after stimulus, limited reinforcement, must explain, only has short term effects |
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| idea that behavior is goal orientated- ex. studying hard for good grades to get into a college |
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| unreinforced learning that is not immediatly reflected in behavior. ex. rats in the maze and the rat that didn't get food the 1st time, and finally got food, the ran the maze faster. |
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| form of problem solving where organism develops a sudden insight in understanding the problems solution. ex. monkey stacking boxes to get bananas |
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| tendency of animals to rever to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. ex. raccoons ability to put basketball in hoop, but then went back to pretending to clean it as if it were their food |
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biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others
ex. fear of snakes in humans and monkeys |
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| 1st step of memory, info gets into memory storage |
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| concentrating on more than 1 activity: music and reading the module. |
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| ability to focus on 1 thing for an extended period of time |
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| different levels of thinking and the deeper we think the better we remember |
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| formation of a different number of different connections around a stimulus at a given memory encoding; the more elabrate the thinking, the better the memory. |
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| lasts about 20 seconds unless rehearsed, and holds like 5-9 units of info |
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| 2 step thoery of retriving |
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recall-generate info and recognize if its correct (essay exam)
recogniton- recognize correct info (multiple choice)
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| frozen memory of important event; influenced by:emotion of event, rehersal, knowledge that historc eventis signifccant. |
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| cpacity to store mentail images for longer than normal periods of time |
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| memory storage involves 3 seperate systems: sensory memory(fraction of a sec), short term memory(up to 30 sec), long term memory(lifetime) |
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| holding info from world in its original sensory for only an instant before it is exposed to visual auditory and other senses |
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| like a computer; everything on it is long term memory and what you have open is th working memory. |
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| explicit memory (declarative) |
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| consicous recollection of info, such as specefic facts or events |
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| retention of info about where when and what of lifes happenings; like where you were when your brother was born and what happened on your first date. |
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| persons knowledge about world including areas of expertise, everyday knowledge |
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| implicit memory (non-declarative)(cerebellum) |
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| behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. like the skills to play tennis or snowboarding |
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| memory for skills; like being really good at typing, you dont have to think of where the keys are or driving a car |
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| activation of info that people already have in storage to help them remember new info better and faster; priming a word or concept makes it more available in memory. |
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| preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information |
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| schma for an event often containing info about physical features, people, and typical occurances; if after a dinner a guy comes by and drops off a piece of paper its prolly your check |
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| memory process that occurs when info that was in storage comes out;name of first date and so on |
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| specila form of episodic memory consisting of a persons recollections of his, hers life experiences; remember most between 10 and 30 than any other |
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| forgetting that occurs when something is painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable; rape, war vets, plane crashes |
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| theory that people forget notbecause memories are lost, but other info gets in the way of what they want to remember |
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| situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later; accidentially call your new friend |
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| situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrival of info that was learned earlier; accidentially address letter to your new friend instead of old friend |
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| time alone is responsible for forgetting |
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| tip of toungue phenomenon |
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| confident that we know it but cant pull it out of storage |
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| remembering info from the past |
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| remembering info about doing something in the future:includes memories for intention;timing and content |
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| a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events;like 50 first dates |
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| memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events; head injury of football players |
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| the way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing |
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| a scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people (diagnos medical needs) |
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| mental category that is used to grop objects, events, and characteristics |
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| we compare the typical item(s) that belong in a catergory(sparrow,robins)and then look for family resemblances (penguin) |
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| intermediate goals, or problems that put us in a better postion to solve the whole enchilada |
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| strategies to gurantee solution to problem |
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| shortcut strategies or guildlines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not gurantee an answer(scrabble) |
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| reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations (phone wont explode next time you turn it on) |
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| reasoning froma general case that is known to be true to a specific instance (if john is from texas than he likes the cowboys) |
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| tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refute them. (politiians) |
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| tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accuratly predicted an outcome (thinking "i always knew that") |
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| TV expert says buy product but god friend gives you bad info about product |
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| representative-ness heuristic |
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| you dont chose person that looks familiar but you chose guy that looks dirtiest |
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| girl wants to be doctor but mom says to be a home health-care aide. |
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| the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday's activities |
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| ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems |
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| many solutions as to convergent is only 1 soultion |
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| triarchic theory of intelligence |
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analytical intelligence(ability to judge evaluate, compare)
Creative intelligence (create design invent imagine)
practical intelligence (ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice) |
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