-First step

-accurate notes on behaviours we observe 

(e.g., watching two strangers interact, might comment on how far they stand apart, if one smiles when the other smiles, how long they keep eye contact for)

- Simply, description is the "what" occured aspect.

- "Why" something occured.

- understanding the conditions under which a given behaviour or mental process occured.

- Why do the strangers stand far apart? 

- This goal is not reached until it is tested and confirmed. 

Define Prediction 

This is met when researchers can specity the conditions under which a behaviour or event is likely to occur. Can culture predict social distance? 

Simply, prediction is to identify all the prior conditions required for an event or behaviour to occur. 

Natural setting, without attempting to influence or control it. The point is for participants to not be aware that they're being watched. 

Advantages are that the participants will act naturally and spontaneaously. Limits are waiting for the events to occur and observer bias. 

Also known as "case history" This is when a single individual or small group of people are studied in great depth usually over an extended period of time (interviews, observations, psychological testing etc.)

Used for people who have uncommon psychological or physiological disorders or brain injuries. 

Advantages are controlled environment, and can obtain info on unusual situations. Disadvantages are it is time consuming and cannot be used to determine the cause of a behaviour. 

Long Term: unlimited capacity and relatively permanent, elaborative rehearsal and meaning of information amesk it become long term. 

Subsystems are declarative memory and non-declarative memory. 

Declarative memory stores info that can be brought to mind verbally or can be stored in the form of images. 

Non-delarative memory consists of motor skills, habits and simple classically conditioned responses. 

Nature = height, weight, hair & eye colour, "we must also inherit skills and personality" "genetic blueprint" 

Nurture = who you are as a person is because of your environment, language, imitating others, stimulation etc. 

Theory - children are active participants in their own development. 

Processes - assimilation, accommodation. 

Nature vs. nurture

continuity and discontinuity 

early and later experience 

Continuity is the gradual cumulative change from conception to death, paired with nature and esperience. E.g., a child's first word, although seemingly abrupt, is viewed by the continuity perspective as the result of weeks and months of growth and practice. Cause that fucking makes sense. 

Discontinuity is the abrupt change/stage, paired with nature and maturation... e.g., nonverbal infanct into speaking toddker. Again, makes a fuckton of sense. 

Define attachment 

Repression, projection, denial, rationalization, regression, reaction formation, displacement and sublimation.

A defense mechanism is an unconscience, irrational means used by the ego to defend anxiety; involves self-deception and the distortion of reality.  

Repression: involuntarily removing unpleasent memories or impulses from conciousness (Jill forgets a traumatic incident from childhood). 

Projection: A very lonely divorced woman acuses all men of having only one thing on their mind, attributing one's own undesirable traits of impulses to another. 

Denial: refusing to consciously achknowledge the existence of danger or a threatenoing situation. Amy is injured when fails to take a starm warning seriously. 

Rationalization: supplying logical, rational reason rather than the real reason for an action or event. 

Regression: reverting to a behaviour characteristic rather than the real person for an action or event. Fred tells friends he didn't get job due to lack of connections.

Reaction formation: expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are opposite of disturbing unconscious impulses and desires. Bob used to buy porn, now rags about how gross it is. 

Displacement: substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse. Father hits kid, kid hits brother. 

Sublimation: rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy to something more admirable. Tim goes to gym when frustrated. 

Behaviur is motivated by conscious not unconscious. 

motivated by future goals than by early childhood experiences.

birth oder plays a factor. 

1) painful memories, thoughts, ideas or perceptions are involuntarily removed from consciousness. 

2) disturbing secual or aggressive impulses are prevented from breaking into consciousness.