Term
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Definition
| the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need |
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Term
| drive reduction theory of motivation |
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Definition
| theories suggesting that a lack of a basic bioloical requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive) |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state |
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Term
| arousal approach to motivation |
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Definition
| the belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary |
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Term
| extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation |
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Definition
extrinsic: causes us to do something for money, a grade, of some other concrete, tangible reward
intrinsic: causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
| physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization |
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Term
| characteristics of anorexia |
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Definition
people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance - often skeleton like - are unusual.
occurs after serious dieting, they may cook for others, go food shopping frequently, and collect cookbooks. |
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Term
| characteristics of bulimia |
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Definition
a disorder in which people bine on large quantities of food, then feel guilt and depression and often induce vomiting or take laxatives to get rid of the food - behavior known as purging.
can lead to heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellece |
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Term
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Definition
| an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people |
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Term
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Definition
preparing us for action: act as a link between events in our environment and our responses
shaping our future behavior: promote learning that will help us make appropriate responses in the future
helping us interact more effectively with others: can act as a signal to observers, allowing them to better understand what we are experiencing. |
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Term
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Definition
happiness, anger, fear sadness, disgust
surprise, contempt, guilt, joy
(broader emotions) |
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Term
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Definition
| a babys toes fan out when the outer edge of the sole of the foot is stroked |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of movements in which an infant flings out the arms, fans the fingers, and arches the back in response to a sudden noise |
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Term
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Definition
| the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a specific individual |
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Term
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Definition
| securely attached, avoidant children, ambivalent children, disorganized-disoriented children |
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Term
| difference between parents regarding play |
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Definition
fathers engage in more physical, rough-and-tumble sorts of activities
mothers play more verbal and traditional games, such as peekaboo |
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Term
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Definition
| authoritarian parents, permissive parents, authoritative parents, uninvolved parents |
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Term
| Erik Erikson-task of infancy |
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Definition
| to learn whether or not other people, especially primary caregivers, regularly satisfy basic needs |
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Term
| object permanence-sensorimotor stage |
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Definition
sensorimotor:according to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 yrs during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols
object permanence: the awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight
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Term
| reversability-concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| according to Piaget, the period from 7-12 yrs of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism |
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Term
| Erik Erikson-identity vs role confusion |
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Definition
| a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities - in short their identity |
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Term
| Erik Erikson-ego integrity vs despair |
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Definition
| a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life's accomplishments and failures |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person |
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Term
| psychodynamic theory - unconscious |
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Definition
approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control
the unconscious: part of personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware |
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Term
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Definition
id: the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggresion, and irrational impulses
ego: the part of the personality that provides a better buffer between the id and the outside world
superego: according to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures |
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Term
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Definition
oral: birth to 12-18 months
anal: 12-18 months to 3 yrs
phallic: 3 to 5-6 yrs
latency: 5-6 yrs to adolescence
genital: adolescence to adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| a child's sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in one's personal capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way |
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Term
| ego defense mechanism - most powerful |
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Definition
| repression - unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
repression: memories pushed back into unconscious
regression: behave as if at an earlier stage of development
displacement: unwanted feeling/thought redirected to weaker person
rationalization: self justifying explanations
denial
projection: send unwanted feelings to someone else
sublimation: divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts
reaction formation: unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness |
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Term
| big five personality theory |
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Definition
| openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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Term
| disengagement theory of aging |
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Definition
| suggest that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests that the elderly who are the most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| major life events, such as the death of a family member, that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional numbing, sleep difficulties, interpersonal problems, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide |
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Term
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Definition
| everyday annoyances, such as being stuck in traffic, that cause minor irritations and may have long term ill effects if they continue |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of behaviors characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive manner |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on their own medical judgment and experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a disagreeable emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one's freedom |
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Term
| how to gain compliance from patients |
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Definition
| honesty, keeping warm relationships with clients, provide clear instructions to patients regarding drug regimens |
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Term
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Definition
| high self esteem, firm sense of control, optimistic, like to be around other people |
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Term
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Definition
| a marker that establishes the tone for one's life - their general level of happiness |
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Term
| psychological disorders - behavioral |
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Definition
| loks at the behavior itself as the problem |
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Term
| psychological disorders - cognitive |
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Definition
| suggests that people's thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior |
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Term
| psychological disorders - humanistic |
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Definition
| emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder, ocd, ptsd |
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Term
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Definition
| intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by obsessions or compulsions |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but for which there is no medical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living |
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Term
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Definition
women twice as likely to experience.
severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability |
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Term
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Definition
| disorganized, paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual |
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Term
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Definition
disorganized: laughter silliness
paranoid: delusions, thinks they are being chased
catatonic: major disturbances in movement
undifferentiated: mixture
residual: following major episode |
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Term
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Definition
| firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others |
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Term
| 2 main categories of therapy |
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Definition
| psychological and biomedical |
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Term
| psychodynamic approach to treatment |
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Definition
| seeks to bring unresolved past conflict and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively |
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Term
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Definition
| technique: tells patients to say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless of its apparent irrelevance or senselessness, and analysts try to recognize and label the connections between what the patient says and their unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patient's parents or other authority figures |
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Term
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Definition
| technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| rewarding for desired behavior with a token and can later be used to purchase items or activities |
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Term
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Definition
| between therapist and patient, draw up written agreement with a series of behavioral goals for the client. also has rewards and punishments |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior of other people is modeled to teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties |
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Term
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Definition
| teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to restructure a person's belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| goal is to reach one's potential for self-actualization |
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Term
person-centered therapy
importance of empathy |
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Definition
| in hopes to create an atmosphere that enables clients to come to decisions that can improve their lives. to show patient an understanding of a client's emotional experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| people meet in a group with a therapist to discuss problems |
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Term
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Definition
antidepressant
improve a severely depressed patient's mood and well being |
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Term
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Definition
| an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| a tendency to overattribute others' behavior to dispositional causes and the corresponding minimization of the importance of situational causes |
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Term
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Definition
| the experiment with the different sized lines to show conformity |
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Term
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Definition
| type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view |
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Term
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Definition
| foot in the door, door in the face, thats not all, not so free |
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Term
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Definition
| the well accepted societal standard saying that we should treat other people as they treat us |
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Term
| industrial organizational psychology |
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Definition
| focusing on work and job related issues, including worker motivation, satisfaction, safety, and productivity |
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