Term
| What definition of psychological disorders exist? |
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Definition
Violation of Cultural Standards
Emotional Distress
As behavior that is harmful to oneself or others |
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Term
| What is a problem with mental disorders as a violation of cultural standards? |
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Definition
| One thing considered abnormal in one culture can be normal in another. |
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Term
| What is a problem with mental disorders as emotional distress? |
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Definition
| Does not explain behavior of clearly disturbed individuals who are not troubled by their actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Any behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self destructive, seriously impairs the person's ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community. |
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Term
| The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |
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Definition
| Provides a clear diagnostic so that clinicians and researchers can agree on disorders to study and treat. |
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Term
| What are some concerns about the Diagnostic System? |
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Definition
The danger of over-diagnosis.
The Power of Diagnostic Labels
The confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
The Illusion of objectivity and universality (decisions based on group consensus, not empirical evidence) |
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Term
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Definition
When manual is used correctly, provides reliability and repeatability.
Provides a list of culture-bound syndromes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Standardized objective questionnaires that require written responses. Include scales on which people are expected to rate themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most widely used personality test. Used in clinical and employment settings that detect extremes. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| Continuous state of anxiety marked by worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension. Includes sweaty palms, racing heart, and shortness of breath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal. Diagnosed only if symptoms persist for six months or longer. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Anxiety Disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| A Feeling of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
| An Exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situations, activity, or object. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person. Typically begins with a panic attack that seems to have no cause, then the person avoids situations that may provoke another one. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness) behavior, (loss of interest in one's usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite). |
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Term
| What are other symptoms of depression |
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Definition
Depressed Mood
Reduced Interest in almost all activities
Significant Weight gain or loss
Sleeping too much or too little
Fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Reduced ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death
*DSM-IV Requires 5 of these within the past 2 weeks. Must have Depressed mood or reduced interest in activities. |
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Term
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Definition
A mood disorder in which episodes of depression AND mania occur
Mania isn't good
Manic person is excessively wired, powerful and full of plans (based on delusional ideas), goes on extravagant spending sprees, has risky sexual adventures, etc. |
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Term
| Theories of Depression- Genetic Factors |
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Definition
Genetic theories of depression are supported by studies of adopted children.
5-HTT is a gene that is present in either a long or short form
17% of individuals with long form become severely depressed. 43% with two copies of the short form are severely depressed
Genetics may also influence levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| Life Experiences and Circumstances |
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Definition
Social explanations emphasize the stressful circumstances in people's lives
Loss of or problems with important relationships
Psychologists investigating sex differences have ruled out hormones and genetics and are now investigating life circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Explanations emphasize habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events.
Depressed people believe their situation is permanent and uncontrollable
Rumination: Brooding about negative aspects of one's life |
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Term
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Definition
| Rigid, maladaptive patters that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others. |
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Term
| Paranoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| Marked by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy |
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Term
| Narcissistic Personality disorder |
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Definition
| Marked by an exaggerated sense of self importance and self absorption. |
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Term
| Is Narcissism always marked by an internal depression? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| Characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive, restless acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by a lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety, and other social emotions: the use of deceit and manipulation and impulsive thrill seeking. |
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Term
| What are the Causes of APD and Psychopathy? |
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Definition
| Abnormalities in the CNS. Impaired frontal-lobe functioning Genetic influences |
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Term
| What effect does abstinence in drug policies have on addiction rates? |
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Definition
| It tends to increase them. |
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Term
| Do all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| Controversial disorder marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits. |
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Term
| What are the two views of MPD? |
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Definition
1st: MPD is common but often unrecognized as such. Starts as a childhood means of coping; trauma produced mental splitting.
2nd View: Created through pressure and suggestion by clinicians. Cases went from handfuls to ten thousand since 1980 |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
MPD is an extreme form of our ability to present many aspects of our personality to others.
MPD is a socially acceptable way for troubled people to make sense of their problems
Therapists looking for MPD may reward patients with attention and praise for revealing more and more personalities. |
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Term
| What is not a symptom of Schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Multiple Personality Disorder. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Bizarre Delusions
Hallucinations and heightened sensory awareness
Disorganized, incoherent speech
Grossly disorganized and inappropriate behavior
Impaired cognitive abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| False beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory Experiences that occur in absence of actual stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic Vulnerability- Risk of developing schizophrenia increases as the genetic relatedness with a schizophrenic increases
Structural Brain Abnormalities- Decreased brain weight, decreased volume in the temporal lobe or hippocampus; enlargement of ventricals (but not always)
Neurotransmitter abnormalities- include serotonin, glutamate, dopamine. Many have increased brain activity in areas served by dopamine and dopamine receptors
Prenatal complications
Adolescent brain abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
Many Block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors
Some increase levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that inhibits dopamine activity.
Can relieve the positive aspects of schizophrenia (voices, etc.) but can worsen negative symptoms (emotional flatness) |
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Term
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
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Definition
| Elevate norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the brain by blocking an enzyme that deactivates these neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| Trycyclic Antidepressants |
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Definition
| Boost Norepinephrine by preventing uptake. |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors |
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Definition
| Boost serotonin by preventing uptake. |
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Term
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Definition
Increase activity of GABA
Developed for treatment of mild anxiety
Often Prescribed inappropriately
Xanax and Valium. Similar addiction and tolerance to alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to treat bipolar disorder. Can be fatal in high doses
Newer Treatments include Tegetrol and Depakote. |
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Term
| Antidepressent Dropout Rate |
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Definition
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Term
| Appropriate Dosage is affected by what? |
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Definition
| Sex, age, ethnic group, body fat, number and type of drug receptors in the brain, eating habits, and smoking. |
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Term
| Long-Term risks of Antypsychotics? |
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Definition
Can be fatal in the long term
Can Cause Tardive Dyskinesia
No long-term studies have been conducted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Destroying select areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or violent, impulsive behavior. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
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Definition
| Procedure used in cases of prolonged and severe major depression-safer and used more often now. Brain seizure is induced. |
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Term
| Transcranial magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
Involves use of pulsing magnetic coils held to a person's skull over the left prefontal cortex
Treatment does not result in pain or memory problems. Controlled studies suggest positive results. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Method of psychotherapy developed by Freud, emphasizes the exploration of unconscious motives and conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| a method in psychoanalysis of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely whatever comes to mind. |
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Term
| How do other psycho-dynamic therapies differ from Freud's methods? |
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Definition
| The tend to focus more on the present instead of the past |
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Term
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Definition
| The critical step in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions, such as conflicts with parents, onto the therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of therapy that applies classical and operant conditioning to help people change own defeating or problematic behaviors. |
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Term
| Cognitive Techniques in Therapy |
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Definition
Examine the evidence for beliefs.
Consider other explanations for the behavior of other people
Identify assumptions and biases |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of cognitive therapy devised by Alber Ellis, designed to challenge the client's unrealistic or irrational thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
Based on the assumption that people seek self-actualization and self-fulfillment.
Emphasized people's free will to change, not past conflicts. |
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Term
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Definition
| focusing on Unconditional Positive Regard. |
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Term
| When can therapy be harmful? |
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Definition
| When it creates a prejudice, when it uses unsupported techniques, when there is inappropriate behavior and when there is a relationship between the two. |
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Term
| What are the Major Motives of Life? |
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Definition
The motive to love
The motive for sex
the motive to eat
the motive to achieve |
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Term
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Definition
| An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation |
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Term
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Definition
| The pursuit of an activity for its own sake. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pursuit of an activity for external rewards such as money or fame. |
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Term
| When do the neurological origins of passionate love begin? |
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Definition
| In infancy when the child attaches to the mother. |
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Term
| What neurotransmitters and hormones are involved in pleasure and reward and are activated by mother-baby, adult lover, and close friend bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F, Parts of the brain light up when people look at pictures of sweethearts or biological children? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The motive to associate with other people by seeking friends, companionship, or love. |
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Term
| What are the predictors of love? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three styles of love according to the attachment theory? |
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Definition
Secure love-Rarely jealous or worried about abandonment.
Avoidant- distrustful and avoids intimate attachments
Anxious-ambivalent- agitated and worried partner will leave. |
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Term
| What are the three main ideas in Sternberg's theory of love? |
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Definition
Passion-Euphoria and extreme excitement
Intimacy- Being free to talk about things, feeling close to and being understood by loved ones
Commitment: Needing to be with the other person, being loyal.
(Ideal love involves all three) |
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Term
| T/F Testosterone produces desire in both sexes |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Sexual behavior does not increase testosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| Do people who are chemically castrated lose their sexual desires? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Freud, Kinsey, Masters, and Johnson believe about the female orgasm? |
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Definition
Frued- immature clitoral orgasm and mature vaginal orgasm
Kinsey- males and females had similar orgasms but females were less sexual
Masters and Johnson- women's capacity to orgasm surpassed mens'.
(But did not examine differences based on developmental, experimental, or cultural factors). |
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Term
| What do social psychologists suggest about sex differences between sex drives? |
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Definition
Men's behavior is more biologically determined
Females are more determined by circumstances, the relationship, and cultural norms. |
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Term
| What are the motives for sex? |
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Definition
Enhancement
Intimacy
Coping
Self-Affirmation
Partner Approval
Peer Approval
Reproduction |
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Term
| On a representative study of 300 women, what percentage of women said that they had been forced to do something sexually? What percentage of men said they had forced someone to do something sexual? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person's age, culture, and gender. |
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Term
| What factors do not explain homosexuality? |
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Definition
A smothering mother
An absent father
Emotional Problems
Same-sex play in childhood and adolescence
Parental Practices
Role Models
Seduction by an older adult |
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Term
| Biological explanations for homosexuality? |
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Definition
Prenatal exposure and masculanizing androgens
May be moderately heritable |
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Term
| True or False, there are studies demonstrating brain differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals, and these studies have been replicated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there genetic links to homosexuality? |
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Definition
| Yes. Identical twins have the highest concordance rates for sexual orientation. This suggests some genetic link in sexual orientation. |
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Term
| T/F Sexual identity and behavior are different and occur in different combinations. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False- There is a link between obesity and emotional distress. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is heaviness always caused by overeating? |
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Definition
| No. The set point, or genetically influenced weight range for an individual, is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism. |
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Term
| T/F Genetic factors play a large role in body weight |
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Definition
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Term
| What environmental factors affect weight? |
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Definition
Increased abundance of low cost, high fat foods
Eating on the run instead of leisurely meals
Energy saving devices such as remote controls
Driving rather than walking or biking
Watching television or video games instead of exercising. |
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Term
| T/F, in all cultures, fat is viewed as a sign of poor health and low sexual desireability. |
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Definition
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Term
| What has happened to the weight standard for women in almost all cultures, and what has been happening to the obesity level in all cultures? |
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Definition
| The standard for women is going down, while the standard for weight is going up. |
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Term
| How has the cultural ideal for men changed? |
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Definition
| Muscles now mean affluence rather than working class status. |
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Term
| T/F Cultures that regard overweight as a sign of health and sexiness tend to have high obesity problems. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxitives (purging). |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced food consumption, and emaciation. |
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Term
| What factors influence eating disorders? |
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Definition
Extremely thin media stars
Desire for men to be more "manly"
Unrealistic standards of beauty and self-criticism.
Psychological factors such as depression, low self esteem, perfectionism, distorted body image, and pressure from others. |
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Term
| What is the need for achievement? |
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Definition
| A learned motive to meet personal standards for success and excellence in a chosen area. |
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Term
| Goals to improve motivation work best when: |
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Definition
The goal is specific
The goal is challenging but achievable
The goal is framed in terms of approach goals instead of avoidance goals |
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Term
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Definition
| Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Goals framed in terms of increasing one's competence and skills. |
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Term
| What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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Definition
| An expectation that comes true because of the tendency to act in ways that bring it about. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's belief that he/she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals. |
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Term
| What conditions increase job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction? |
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Definition
When work provides meaningfulness
When employees have control over part of work
When tasks are varied
When companies maintain clear and consistent rules
When employees have supportive relationships with superiors and co-workers
When Employees receive useful feedback.
When Companies offer opportunities for growth. |
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Term
| approach-approach conflict |
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Definition
| When a person is attracted to two activities or goals. |
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Term
| Avoidance-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| When a person must chose between the lesser of two evils |
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Term
| Approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| When one activity or goal has both positive and negative elements. |
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Term
| Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts |
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Definition
| Several choices, each with advantages and disadvantages. |
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Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy/Pyramid of needs |
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Definition
Need for Self-Actualization
v
Esteem Needs
v
Need for love and belonging
v
Need for Safety
v
Physiological Needs |
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Term
| True or false, high level needs must be met before low level needs can be addressed. |
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Definition
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