Term
| prosocial moral reasoning |
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Definition
| the thinking that is involved in deciding whether to share with, help, or take care of other people when doing so may prove costly to oneself |
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Definition
| others of one's own age and status |
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Term
| objective view of responsibility |
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Definition
| an understanding that responsibility depends on objective consequences alone. |
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Term
| subjective view of responsibility |
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Definition
| an understanding that responsibility depends on both intentions and consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex organization of relationship between individuals. |
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Definition
| action that threaten the relationship and social standing of peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of skills that collectively results in successful social functioning with peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| a follow-back research method that starts with developmental outcomes in later childhood and looks back at the individual's early life for predictive signs of those later outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a forward-looking research method in which children are studied as they grow older. |
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Term
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Definition
| strategies that allow friends to remain friends even when serious differences temporarily drive them apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| the form of indirect social control in which parents and children cooperate to reinforce the children;s understanding of right and wrong, what is safe and unsafe, when they are not under direct adult control. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of defining oneself in relation to one's peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| one's evaluation of one's own self-worth |
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Term
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Definition
| the series of biological developments that transform individuals from a state of physical immaturity into one in which they are biologically mature and capable of sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary sex organs--ovaries in females and testes in males |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| the organs directly involved in reproduction |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| the anatomical and physiological signs that outwardly distinguish males from females |
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Term
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Definition
| the first ejaculation. It often occurs spontaneously during sleep and is called a nocturnal emission. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first menstrual period |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a person experiences a sense of well-being versus depression and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| close relationships between two individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of several young people that remain small enough to enable its members to be in regular interactions with one another and to serve as the primary peer group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, reputation-based and mixed-gender social network observed when cliques interact. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which friends are similar to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which adolescents seek out other teenagers who seem similar to themselves in important traits and behaviors, most generally those that are relevant to the adolescent's social reputations |
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Term
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Definition
| positive reactions to discussions of rule breaking. |
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Term
| constraining interactions |
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Definition
| those that limit and restrict communication through detachment, lack of curiosity, and other forms of discouragement |
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Term
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Definition
| those that facilitate and enhance communication through explaining, empathizing, expressing curiosity, and encouraging mutual problem solving. |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piaget terms, a kind of mental operation in which all possible combinations are considered in solving a problem. Consequently, each partial link is grouped in relation to the whole; in other words, reasoning moves continuously as a function of a structured whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term for formal operations, since children at this stage can apply operations to operatons |
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Term
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Definition
| when the conclusions of reasoning are sent entirely by the roles of logic: example: If the cow jumped over the moon, then we must conclude that the moon was under the cow. |
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Term
| hypothetical-deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| The ability to formulate and evaluate the logical implications of a set of premises, even if it is imaginary or contradicts the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive conflict that is rooted in social experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a morality that emphasizes issues of rightness, fairness, and equality |
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Term
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Definition
| a morality that stresses relationships, compassion, and social obligations |
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Term
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Definition
| includes all the things that people know about themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the system that reflects on, guides, and directs the self |
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Term
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Definition
| a self full to the brim with multiple "me's" that have emerged as a consequence of needing to conform to social roles and relationships that demand different, and sometimes contradicatory selves |
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Term
| oppositional identity formation |
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Definition
| the process of rejecting the patters of dress, speech, mannerisms, and attitudes associated with one's society, and adopting an identity that opposed them |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural ceremonies and events that mark a transition in status from child to adult |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept that encompasses self-esteem and satisfaction with one's life |
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Term
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Definition
| classes that allow young people to confront social problems through personal experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental stage describing the unique developmental challenges facing individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 in technologically advanced societies. |
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