Term
|
Definition
| relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviour across many situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern behaviour of all individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our personalities are linked to our biological parents’ make up |
|
|
Term
| Shared environmental factors |
|
Definition
experiences that make individuals within the same family more alike
|
|
|
Term
| Non-shared environmental factors |
|
Definition
| experiences that make individuals within the same family less alike (giving one child more affection) |
|
|
Term
| Molecular genetic studies |
|
Definition
| investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins, not particular behaviours or attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental disorders that are physiologically caused |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeling of relief following dramatic outpouring of emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychologically caused mental disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the assumption that all psychological events have a cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything is symbolic of something else, all are attributable to preceding mental causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| submerged psyche (submerged like the underwater part of the iceberg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reservoir of our most primitive impulses including sex and aggression. It is entirely unconscious |
|
|
Term
| What does the id strive for? |
|
Definition
· The id strives for the pleasure principle – tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the psyche’s principal decision maker, it caters to the id’s demands by interacting with the real world to find ways to resolve the competing demands of the id and the superego |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reality principle – tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
our sense of morality. Like a judgmental parent looking down upon the ego
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contact with outside world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| material just beneath the surface of awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficult to retrieve material well below the surface of awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dreams are wish fulfillments, they are expressions of the id's impulses according to Freud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of events we experienced on the day of the dream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses, triggered by anxiety
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to remember childhood prior to about age 3 and a half |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences, most often observed in people with psychotic disorders
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of returning psychologically to a younger, and typically simpler, safer age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite, homophobia example |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others (ex. People who are paranoid want to hurt others, so they perceive others as wanting to harm them)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target (ex. Punching bag rather than someone’s face) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| providing a reasonable sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or failures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts (ex. When dealing with divorce, may figure out the statistics of how many marriages fail, instead of focusing on emotions)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal (kid sets fires, grows up to be a firefighter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sexually arousing zone of the body
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development? |
|
Definition
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth, birth until 12 or 18 months, sucking, drinking or crying
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training, 18 months to 3 years
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals, age 3 to 6
|
|
|
Term
| Oedipus complex (from phallic stage) |
|
Definition
| conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals |
|
|
Term
| Electra Complex (from phallic stage) |
|
Definition
|
· conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
|
|
|
Term
| Penis envy (from phallic stage) |
|
Definition
| supposed desire of girls to posses a penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious, 6 years to 12 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth |
|
|
Term
| What did Alfred Adler believe in ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
according to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Carl Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross-culturally universal emotional symbols |
|
|
Term
| What type of theorists were Adler and Jung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reviewed aspect’s of Freud’s theories that she found to be gender biased (Feminist psychology) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
escaping from freedom
technology has rendered us more independent from others
|
|
|
Term
| Object relations theorists |
|
Definition
| followers of Freud who emphasized children’s mental representations of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objects like blankets and stuffed animals that children use to comfort themselves emotionally when they loosen their ties to their caregivers |
|
|
Term
Behavioural views of the causes of personality view personality as under the control of : (2 things)
|
|
Definition
- genetic factors
- contingencies in the environment (reinforcers and punishers)
|
|
|
Term
| Behavioural views of personality see free will as __ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social Learning theorists |
|
Definition
| theorists who emphasized thinking as a cause of personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control
|
|
|
Term
| People with an internal locus of control believe that... |
|
Definition
| life events are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics |
|
|
Term
| People with an external locus of control believe that... |
|
Definition
| life events are due largely to chance and fate |
|
|
Term
| People with an ____ locus of control are more prone to emotional upset following life stressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humanistic models of personality |
|
Definition
Suggest that motive in personality is self-actualization – drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
|
|
|
Term
| Name a well known humanistic psychologist and what he or she believed |
|
Definition
| Carl Rogers - believed our personalities consist of 3 major components: organism, the self, and conditions of worth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our innate genetic blueprint, like the id except its positive and helpful towards tohers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
our self concept, the set of beliefs about who we are
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world |
|
|
Term
| Trait theorists use factor analysis: |
|
Definition
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
|
|
|
Term
| The big five. Define and name them. |
|
Definition
five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Openness to experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extraverted people tend to be social and lively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurotic people tend to be tense and moody
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscientious people tend to be careful and responsible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agreeable people tend to be friendly and easy to get along with
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional |
|
|
Term
| What mnemonics can be used to remember the big five! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| claimed to detect people's personality traits from their facial characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly muscular people, thought to be assertive and bold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lean and skinny people, thought to be introverted and intellectual |
|
|
Term
| Structured personality tests |
|
Definition
| paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways |
|
|
Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) |
|
Definition
widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
|
|
|
Term
| Empirical (or data-based) method of test construction |
|
Definition
approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguish them
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
|
|
|
Term
| Response sets (from face validity) |
|
Definition
| tendencies to distort responses |
|
|
Term
| Impression management (from face validity) |
|
Definition
– making ourselves look better than we really are
|
|
|
Term
| Malingering (from face validity) |
|
Definition
making ourselves appear psychologically disturbed
|
|
|
Term
| Rational/theoretical method of test construction |
|
Definition
| approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures
|
|
|
Term
| Thematic apperception test (TAT) |
|
Definition
| projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological interpretation of handwriting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate |
|
|
