Term
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov |
|
Definition
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
Pavlov- everytime a bell is rung they dog would salivate after the sound was paired with food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that naturally brings about a response without having been learned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unconditioned response- a response that is natural and needs no training. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditioned stimulus- a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with a UCR to bring about a response only with the CS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditioned response- a response that after conditioned, follows a previously neutral stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avoiding foods that have made us ill in the past. (food poisoning, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a basic phenonmenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which, after a stimulus have been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not: the ability to differentiate between stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Little Albert and Classical Conditioning Conclusions |
|
Definition
Little Albert (11 month old boy) was conditioned to fear (CR) rats by pairing loud noises (UCS) to the touch of rats (CS). Generalized to white furry things (rabbits, seal coat, etc).
UNETHICAL!!
Classical Conditioning Conclusions:
Development of phobias, feeling happy when hearing a song that reminds you of a fun time, drug addictions difficult to treat because good feelings of drugs associated with room where they did drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Operant conditioning & Skinner |
|
Definition
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthen or weakened depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Skinner Box- animals learn to gain food by operating on their environment within the box |
|
|
Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effect |
|
Definition
| Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Satisfy some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a persons previous experience.
Food for hungry person, relief for a person in pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer.
money is valuable because we have learned that it can bring food or shelter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unpleasant stimulus who's removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of something pleasant weakens a response. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral based safety program |
|
Definition
| focuses on what people do, analyzes why they do it, and then applies a research-supported intervention strategy to improve what people do |
|
|
Term
continuous reinforcement
vs.
partial reinforcement |
|
Definition
continuous reinforcement: behavior reinforced each and every time it occurs.
partial reinforcement: behavior reinforced some but not all of the time. |
|
|
Term
| variable vs. fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement |
|
Definition
Fixed-ratio schedule: a schedule by which reinforcement is giving only after a specific number of responses are made.
Variable-ratio schedule: reinforcement after a varying number of responses made. |
|
|
Term
| variable vs. fixed interval schedules of reinforcement |
|
Definition
variable internal schedule: reinforce a response after a varied time period passes.
fixed internal schedules: reinforce a response after a fixed time period has passed. |
|
|
Term
| discriminative stimulus and stimulus control learning |
|
Definition
discriminative stimulus: signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response.
stimulus control: only ask for something when the stimulus are present (ask mom something when she is in a good mood) |
|
|
Term
| shaping (method of successive approximations) |
|
Definition
| Teach a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| training is done through operant conditioning. A system of rewards and punishments for dogs to learn appropriate behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coincidental reinforcement of a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new behavior learned; doesn't surface until later needed or a later opportunity occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning by observing another's behavior. behavior of models who are rewarded for a given behavior is more likely to be imitated when that of models who are punished for the behavior. |
|
|
Term
| effects of violence (video games, TV, movies, real violence) |
|
Definition
| people learn and imitate aggression they observe.Exposure to violence in media leads to violent behavior later. |
|
|
Term
| relational vs. analytic learning styles |
|
Definition
rational learning style: perceive info as part of a total picture; prefer to learn an entire unite at once, not in sections.
analytic learning: divide unit into segments; master small parts of a unit (principles, components) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial recording of information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information saved for future use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recovery of stored information. |
|
|
Term
| sensory memory (echoic, iconic) |
|
Definition
initial momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant.
iconic- sight memory
echoic- sound memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory that holds information for 15-25 seconds. stores it according to its meaning rather that just sensory information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory that stores info on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve. |
|
|
Term
| declarative (semantic & episodic) vs. procedural memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the repetition of info that has entered short term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the info is considered and organized into some fashion. adding another element, such a image to help rehearsal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formal techniques for organizing info in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered. |
|
|
Term
primacy effect
vs
recency effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a stimulus that allows us to more easily recall info stored in long term memory. For example, smell of pine trees makes me think of Christmas. |
|
|
Term
| tip of the tongue phenomenon |
|
Definition
| the inability to recall info that one realizes one knows. a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long term memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but he or she cannot remember where they encountered it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| levels of processing and retaining information |
|
Definition
| emphasizes the degree to which new info is mentally analyzed. amount of information given at one time is central to the ability to retain information. |
|
|
Term
| explicit vs implicit memory |
|
Definition
explicit: intentional or conscious recollection of info (recalling a name or date)
implicit: memories of which people are not consciously aware but can affect subsequent performance and behavior. (skills that come without thinking, jumping out of the way if a car comes at you) |
|
|
Term
| flashbulb memories and accuracy |
|
Definition
memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery.
accuracy- inaccurate particularly when they involve highly emotional events. |
|
|
Term
eyewitness accuracy
(weapons present?) |
|
Definition
lots of memory errors present.
specific wording of questions can affect the way they recall an event.
weapons present: suck all attention to weapon and are less able to recall event details. |
|
|
Term
| autobiographical memories and accuracy |
|
Definition
our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives.
we tend to forget info about past that is inconsistent with how you view yourself today. More easy to remember moments in life that required large transitions. |
|
|
Term
| Ebbinghaus and rate of forgetting |
|
Definition
first to studying forgetting (100 yrs ago)
remembered 3 letter nonsense combos
forgetting occurs systematically. most rapid forgetting is in first 9 hours, particularly in first hour.
after 9 hrs, rate of forgetting slows and declines a little, even after the passage of many days. |
|
|
Term
| decay, interference & cue-dependent forgetting |
|
Definition
decay: loss of info in memory thru nonuse.
interference: phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information.
cue-dependent forgetting: forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info that is in memory. |
|
|
Term
| proactive vs retroactive interference |
|
Definition
proactive interference: interference in which info learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.
retroactive: interference in which material which is learned later disrupts the info that was learned earlier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a progressive brain disorder that heads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities. |
|
|
Term
| retrograde vs. anterograde amnesia |
|
Definition
retrograde: amnesia in which memories are lost prior to a certain event but not for newer events.
anterograde: amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use the keyword technique: word association
rely on organization cues: putting info in order in mind.
take effective notes:
practice and rehearsal:
talk to yourself:
don't believe claims about drugs that improve memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that effects long term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact, but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story. |
|
|
