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| anything we are aware of at any given moment-thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories |
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| all memories, feelings, experiences, past perceptions (long term memory) |
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| Motivating force of human behavior (Freud). Repressed memories, instincts, desires. |
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| Unconscious system of our personality-contains life and death instincts. Operates on pleasure principle and is the source of libido. |
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| largely conscious-logical, rational, realistic. Draws energy from ID (satisfies ID). "reality principle" |
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| formed at age 5/6. Conscience/ego ideal |
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| repression, projection, denial, rationalization, reaction formation, displacement, sublimination |
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| Birth to one year. Optimism, gullibility, dependency, pessimism, hostility, sarcasm, aggression |
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| 1 to 3 years. Cleanliness, orderliness, stinginess, messiness, rebelliousness, destructiveness |
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| 3 to 5. Oedipus complex,homosexuality. Flirtatiousness, vanity, promiscuity, pride, chastity. |
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| 5 years to puberty. Sex instinct is repressed. |
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| Puberty onwards. Those who reach this w/o fixations earlier have the ability to love/work as adults. |
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| How are Freud's ideas evaluated by modern psychologists? |
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| Freud drew attention to the unconscious, early childhood memories and defense mechanisms. But his method defies scientific testing and there are few strict Freudians. |
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| Jung's theory-contains thoughts, perceptions, and experiences accessible to the conscious + repressed memories, wishes and impulses. |
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| Jung's theory-inaccessible, contains universal experiences of humankind throughout evolution (myths, dreams, symbols, religions) |
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| In the collective unconscious-inherited tendencies to respond to universal situations in particular ways |
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| Theorized people develop a "style of life" at early age-coined term "inferiority complex" |
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| Work centered on neurotic personality and feminine psychology |
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| What are the contributions of humanistic theorists to the study of personality? |
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| Maslow thought personality depended on self actualization, or reaching one's fullest potential. Rodgers thought we are motivated by conditions of worth, or based our value on others views of us. |
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| What have psychologists learned about self esteem? |
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| People's self esteem is based on their perceived strengths and weaknesses. Most people's level of self esteem is maintained through childhood to middle adulthood. |
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cardinal: single defining trait
central: multiple related traits |
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surface traits: observable qualities
source traits: traits everyone has but differ in measurements |
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| three dimensions of personality: psychoticism, extroversion, and neuroticism |
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| What do five factor theorists consider to be the most important dimensions of personality? |
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Definition
| Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness |
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| What does research say about the original and stability of the five factors? |
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| Studies show that heredity influences personality and some traits change over time |
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| How does personality differ across cultures? |
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| Individualist cultures value seeing themselves as independent and assertive. Collective cultures value social connectedness and encourage definition through social relationships. |
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| What is the situation trait debate? |
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| How much a particular situation can influence your personality traits |
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| How does Bandura's reciprocal determinism explain personality? |
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Definition
| the environment, behavior, and cognitive factors and the 3 components of reciprocal determinism. |
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Term
| What do self efficacy and locus of control contribute to personality? |
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Definition
| Self efficacy gives people the confidence to accomplish goals. A locus of control helps them do the same. An external locus of control may lead to procrastination. |
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Term
| How do psychologists use observations, interviews, and rating scales? |
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Definition
| In observations psychologists count behaviors. In interviews they compare responses to those of others. Rating scales quantify behaviors occurring during observation and interviews. |
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Term
| What is an inventory, and what are the MMPI2 and the CPI designed to reveal? |
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Definition
Inventory: paper and pencil test, measures personality
MMPI2: screen and diagnose psychiatric problems
CPI: assesses normal personality |
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| How do projective tests provide insight into personality, and what are some of the most commonly used projective tests? |
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Definition
| Projective tests: inkblots, drawings or incomplete sentences. ex: Rorschach inkblot and Thematic apperception test |
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