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| What do psychologists call the thinking processes that lie outside of our awareness but can be brought into awareness if needed? |
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| Based on their evaluation of human characteristics, our forebears called our species, homo sapiens, which means: |
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| Insight and intuition involve which two stages of mental processing? |
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Definition
| Nonconscious processing and conscious awareness of a solution. |
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Term
| A _____________ is a unit of meaning made up of concepts that express a unitary idea. |
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| ______________________ is a prototype of the concept bachelor. |
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| Peter's mental representation of the Fourth of July includes associations (fireworks), attitudes (it will be fun to picnic with the whole family), and expectations (it is probably going to be crowded at the park on July 4). They are all part of his: |
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| You consider a robin to be the most representative example of all birds. For you, the robin is: |
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| If your premises are, I didn't see any cars on Mackinac Island my first day here, and I didn't see any cars the rest of the week, either then you might reasonably reach the conclusion, There aren't any cars on Mackinac Island. This kind of reasoning is called _____________________ reasoning. |
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| When Mitch was learning to drive he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic and so when he drives a car: |
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Definition
| Subconscious processes are involved |
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Term
| The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the confirmation bias: |
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Definition
| People defend their beliefs and seek to confirm them. |
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Term
| According to _______________ theory, people change their beliefs or behaviors in response to a state of tension created by inconsistent beliefs, values, or behaviors. |
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Definition
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| Which one of these best describes the process of dialectical reasoning? |
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Definition
| Considering the strengths and weaknesses of each argument on an issue and deciding based on the merits of the best argument. |
| Comment: |
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| Kathryn's grandma says that if Kathryn uses the old-family recipe for Irish Soda Bread, then she is guaranteed to have delicious results. Kathryn's grandma is encouraging her granddaughter to: |
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| You have just received a book entitled "How to Build a New Deck: Step by Step Instructions." This book is likely to provide you with: |
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| When he begins deliberating with fellow jurors, DeAndre is convinced of the defendant's guilt. As he listens attentively, he rethinks his own position in order to evaluate the evidence from the perspective of innocence. This point-counterpoint method of deliberation is an example of: |
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| Jason is in a hurry to get some carrots when he walks into the store. Rather than walking up and down every aisle in order to find them, he walks straight to the vegetable aisle in the back of the store. Jason is making use of: |
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| MarkiAnne is eager to try her hand at making a pumpkin pie for her family's Thanksgiving dessert. The most effective way to approach this task is by means of: |
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Definition
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| Whereas formal problems can often be solved with a/an __________________ , informal problems often call for a/an _____________________. |
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| The most likely individual to experience cognitive dissonance would be: |
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Definition
| Heidi, who signed up to join the army only to find that she hates basic training. |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of informal reasoning? |
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Definition
| The person usually knows when the problem is solved. |
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Term
| What is the "g factor" in traditional psychology? |
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Definition
| It is the underlying intelligence factor behind many different abilities and talents |
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Term
| A measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age is called: |
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Definition
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| Which of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence? |
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| David Wechsler designed the Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in order to produce: |
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Definition
| a general IQ score, a verbal IQ score and a performance IQ score. |
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Term
| Jacob is an autistic child. It has been impossible for him to ever complete a standard intelligence test, and he has trouble functioning in the world on his own. Jacob, however, has an incredible memory for detail. He can take one look at a picture or scene and draw a nearly exact replica of what he saw even months later. Jacob's unusual ability in light of his general condition lends support to which theory of intelligence? |
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Definition
| Gardener's theory of multiple intelligence |
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Term
| The formula for determining IQ has some serious flaw in that: |
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Definition
| the formula did not make sense for use with adults. |
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| Tracy does not have an unusually high IQ, but at work she was quickly promoted because she knows how to set priorities, communicate with management, and makes others feel valued. Tracy has ___________________ about how to succeed on the job. |
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| Psychologists who were interested in studying visual images found that: |
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Definition
| the images occur in a mental space of a fixed space |
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| Research on animals and language indicates that: |
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Definition
| humans are the only species that evolved with the natural ability to express and comprehend an infinite number of novel utterances. |
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Term
| A ___________ is a network of knowledge, association, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular aspect of the world |
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Definition
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| As an African-American, Sanyu is aware of the negative stereotypes regarding racial differences in intelligence. According to stereotype threat when he is given an intelligence test it is most likely that: |
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Definition
| Sanyu's self-conscious awareness of the stereotype may worsen his test performance. |
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Term
| Comparisons of attitudes and performance in regard to math tests in Asia and the U.S. showed that: |
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Definition
| only 4% of the Chinese children and 10 % of the Japanese children had scores as low as the average American child. |
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Term
| Members of a religious cult commit suicide rather than let law enforcement officials confiscate their weapons. The press insist, "It was clear before the government got involved that cult leaders were capable of mass murder and suicide." Such statements are an example of: |
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Definition
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| Based on the findings of studies about the heritability of intelligence between individuals and the differences in intelligence between groups, which of the following statements is most true? |
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Definition
| Genes do influence individual differences in intelligence, but there is no conclusive evidence that genes account for differences between groups (such as blacks and whites). |
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Term
| Even though his physician has told him that there is not an association between weather conditions and arthritis pain, Neville is convinced that his arthritis will act up when barometric pressure changes. Neville's tendency to see a meaningful pattern even when it doesn't exist is called: |
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Definition
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| As Alyson awaits the birth of her first grandchild she says that she doesn't care of the baby is a boy or a girl as long as it is healthy. But as she holds her newborn granddaughter Alyson says that she had known it was a girl all along! The barrier to rational reasoning illustrated by Alyson is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| A tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Deductive and inductive reasoning are alike in that they both involve: |
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Definition
| Drawing conclusions from observations or premises |
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| One psychologist believes that people differ in a general ability that underlies all their specific abilities and talents. Another psychologist believes that people differ on special talents and abilities rather than on some overall characteristic. In other words, these two psychologists disagree on the existence of: |
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| Professor Vertz emphasizes the strategies that people use when thinking about problems and arriving at solutions. It is evident that she approaches intelligence as a _______________ theorist. |
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Definition
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Term
| The average IQ gap between severely malnourished children and well-nourished children can be as high as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements best describes a confirmation bias? |
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Definition
| Ignoring information that goes against what we believe |
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Term
| According to _______________ theory, people change their beliefs or behaviors in response to a state of tension created by inconsistent beliefs, values, or behaviors. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________________ is a state of tension that exists when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are inconsistent with one another. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "g factor" in traditional psychology? |
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Definition
| It is the underlying intelligence factor behind many different abilities and talents |
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Term
| When Jean first learned to use a computer, she had to carefully attend to each step involved in accessing a particular program. Now she can access programs while talking , listening to the radio, and tapping her feet to the music. The task of accessing the program has now become a(n): |
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Definition
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| John thinks, "All students with high IQs get good grades. Samantha gets good grades. Therefore Samantha has a high IQ." Is there a problem with his reasoning? |
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Definition
| Yes, it may not be true that all people who do well academically have high IQs. |
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Term
| Which of the following is a prototype of the concept high school course? |
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Definition
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| Which of the following reasoning strategies has the most resemblance with reflective judgment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT an example of an environmental influence that may hinder the intellectual development of a child? |
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Definition
| The child's biological mother had a below average IQ |
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Term
| When individuals scoring in the top 1% of the IQ distribution were studied, it was found that: |
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Definition
| motivation made the difference between those who were successful and those who were not |
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Term
| ____________________ is the tendency for people to pay attention only to evidence that supports their beliefs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Informal reasoning involves _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Rose found that even octopi can perform a new task after simply observing another octopus perform it. Dr. Rose is probably working in the field of: |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________________ is defined as a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents. |
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Definition
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Term
| A sports psychologist assists an athlete in picturing himself going through all the steps in the pole vault. This athlete is hoping to improve his athletic performance through: |
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Definition
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Term
| A mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions, or qualities having common properties is called a/an: |
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Definition
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Term
| Carmen is taking an advanced math test and she feels a burden of doubt knowing the negative stereotypes about women's abilities in mathematics. This feeling has been labeled: |
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Definition
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Term
| The availability heuristic explains why people: |
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Definition
| Exaggerate the possibility of rare events |
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Term
| As Bud and his sister, Marilou, play bridge he whispers that she should play her high cards first. Bud wants to make sure that Marilou remembers a/an ________________ concerning bridge. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following best describes the state of human understanding on the issue of primate language? |
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Definition
| Primates are able to learn to use symbols to refer to objects. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a component of the triarchic theory of intelligence? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the ________________ stages, people assume that a correct answer always exists and can be obtained through the senses or from authorities. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________________ is a state of tension that exists when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are inconsistent with one another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of informal reasoning? |
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Definition
| The person usually knows when the problem is solved. |
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Term
| In order to arrive at a verdict, juries are supposed to: |
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Definition
| engage in dialectical reasoning for and against the defendant's guilt. |
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Term
| Chuck is taking a test that is designed to measure whether or not he would do better in a career as a mechanic or as a musician. It is evident that Chuck is taking a/an: |
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Definition
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Term
| A tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| What do psychologists call the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Without __________________ you will not acquire tacit knowledge. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the triarchic theory of intelligence there are three aspects of intelligence. The _______________aspect refers to how well you transfer skills to new situations and cope with novelty. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| As an African-American, Sanyu is aware of the negative stereotypes regarding racial differences in intelligence. According to stereotype threat when he is given an intelligence test it is most likely that: |
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Definition
| Sanyu's self-conscious awareness of the stereotype may worsen his test performance. |
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Term
| Jason is in a hurry to get some carrots when he walks into the store. Rather than walking up and down every aisle in order to find them, he walks straight to the vegetable aisle in the back of the store. Jason is making use of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Insight and intuition involve which two stages of mental processing? |
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Definition
| Nonconscious processing and conscious awareness of a solution. |
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Term
| An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When Kohler put chimpanzees in situations in which tempting bananas were just out of reach he found that: |
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Definition
| chimps often sat quietly for a while and then seemed to have sudden insight into a solution |
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Term
| In the cross-cultural comparison research by Stevenson and others, what appears to be the biggest reason for the observed differences in school performance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of reasoning involves the ability to evaluate opposing points of view in determining the best solution? |
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Definition
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