Term
| Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What does the concept dog include? |
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Definition
| Properties that are common to all or most dogs - a furry, four-legged, medium sized animal that barks. Collies, cocker spaniels, and German shepherds are common examples. Of course, individual dogs vary in size, coat, color, temperament, and many other features. But the concept dog allows us to distinugish at a glance an indivdual animal from members of other categories, such as cat |
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Term
| ________ provide a way of grouping or categorizing experiences so that encounters with something new need not be suprising |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can we change our concepts over time? |
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Definition
| yes, we do this through our experiences |
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Term
| Give an example of how a concept can change |
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Definition
| Before you got to college you thought of professors as monotonous, old guys with classes, leather patches on tweed jackets, but now that we are in college our concept has changed to one that is more varied |
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Term
| How can concepts be organized into hierarchies? |
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Definition
| With the narrowest category at the bottom and the most general at the top |
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Term
| Give an example of how concepts can be organized into heirarchies |
|
Definition
| Mammals - dogs - working dogs - hounds - beagles |
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Term
T/F
Concepts are clear cut and easily defined |
|
Definition
False
They are often fuzzy and overlap with each other |
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Term
| Give an example of how concepts can be fuzzy |
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Definition
| Most people can tell a mouse from a rat, but few can give you an accurate list of the critical differences between mice and rates |
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Term
| If we cannot explain the difference between a mouse and a rat, how can we use these fuzzy concepts in our thinking? |
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Definition
| One possibility is that we construct a model, or prototype |
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Term
|
Definition
| mental image or best example of a category |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a prototype |
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Definition
| Bird --> there are certain birds that are prototypical (crow, sparrow), not many of us think of penguin or ostritch when we think "bird" |
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Term
NOTE
A prototype doesn't have all the characteristcs of the concept, but the most general |
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Definition
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Term
NOTE:
Our brains are constantly processing vast amounts of info in very little time. Our cognitive system is frugal in its processing. IT specializes in mental shortcuts. With relatively little effort, we form impressions, make jusdgements, invent explanations for behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we form impressions, make judgements, etc in so little time with little effort? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| simple, efficient, thinking strategies (like guesstimating) |
|
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Term
| Give an example to show that our snap judgements are adaptive |
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Definition
| if you are walking through the woods and you see a snake that is red, yellow, and black, you can't think of the helpful poem, so you just run in the opposite diection, you made a quick snap decision that aided in your survival |
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Term
NOTE:
Your brain's purpose is to keep you alive, not to make you right (eg in the snake example) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does our haste mean we sometimes make mistakes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Juding the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relavent info |
|
Definition
| representativeness heuristic |
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Term
| What is an example of representativeness heuristic? |
|
Definition
A panel of psychologists interviewed a sample of 30 engineers and 70 lawyers and summarized their impressions in thumbnail descriptions. The following description was drawn at random:
“Twice divorced, Frank spends most of his free time hanging around the country club. His clubhouse bar conversations often center around his regrets at having tried to follow in his father’s footsteps. The long hours he had spent at academic drudgery would have been better invested in learning how to be less quarrelsome in his relations with other people. “
Do you think Frank is most likely a lawyer or an engineer?
Based on the math alone you should think he is a lawyer because there were more
But if the numbers were reversed it wouldn’t phase you, math doesn’t matter |
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Term
| Estimating the likelihood of events based on their avaliability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |
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Definition
| the availavility heuristic |
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Term
| For the most part does the availability heuristic produce correct answers? |
|
Definition
yes
you can think of more instances because there are more to think of |
|
|
Term
| What is the probelm with the availability heuristic? |
|
Definition
| biases can increase or decrease the availability to some kinds of objects of events without altering their actual overall frequency |
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|
Term
| Give an example of how the availability heuristic fails to work |
|
Definition
| When you ask a college psych major how many students are psych majors they are over to overestimate the number of students because many of your own aquaintances are psych majors |
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Term
| Tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beleif's and judgements |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Overconfidence is also senn in the planning fallacy, which is .... |
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Definition
| our tendency to believe thatwe can get more done in a given amount of time that we actually can |
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|
Term
| Does planning fallacy occur even if one has experienced negative conseqeunces previously from doing so? |
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Definition
| yes, we don't use our past to help us plan |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of planned fallacy |
|
Definition
In a study by Buehler, 37 students were asked to predict completion times for their senior theses; the average estimate was 33.9 days
only 29.7% completed the task in the time predicted
the average was 55.5 days |
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Term
| A flexible system of symbols that allows us to communicate our ideas, thoughts, and feelings to others |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________ has long been considered a defining feature of human cognition |
|
Definition
language
also body beautification |
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Term
T/F
All animals communicate |
|
Definition
True
Humpback whale songs, honeybees dance |
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Term
T/F
Humans are the only animals who use language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does human language differ from non-human animal communication? |
|
Definition
nonhuman animals communicate primarily through signs
language uses displacement
language is productive |
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Term
|
Definition
| general communications about animal's current state (mating calls or signs of distress) |
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Term
|
Definition
| yes, but we are not liminted to sings in order to communicate with each other |
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Term
|
Definition
communicating about something beyond here and now
humans can talk about things in the future, past, palces far away, etc
animals can't do this |
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|
Term
| Our ability of displacement underlies __________ |
|
Definition
| critcal thinking (if I do thinks, what is likely to occur?) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
ability to add new communication
animals canoot change their signs, but humans can (make new words, etc) |
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Term
| the basic sound units of a language that indicate changes in meaning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Howmany phonems are there in the English language? |
|
Definition
| 45 (others have up to 85) |
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|
Term
NOTE:
Which sounds are meaningful depends on the language |
|
Definition
In English, s and z are phonemes
Sip and Zip mean different things
But when a Spanish person hears these two phonemes they can't hear a difference |
|
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Term
| The smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes |
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Definition
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|
Term
We can use phonemes to produce different morphemes.
What can we make out of the phonemes D,N,E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Just as there are rules for joining phonemes and morphemes, there are also rules for structuring sentences and their meaning. These rules are what lingusists call grammar = |
|
Definition
| the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language |
|
|
Term
| The two major components of grammar are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules for arranging words into grammatical phrases and sentences |
|
|
Term
T/F
In most languages the order of words in the sentences makes it have meaning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| criteria for assigning meaning to morphemes and words |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of analysis of semantics? |
|
Definition
surface strucure
deep structure |
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Term
|
Definition
the actual words and phrases you used in the sentence
What the sentence is made up of |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the underlying meaning of the sentence |
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|
Term
NOTE:
You can get across the same deep structure by using different surface strctures)
Give an example of this. |
|
Definition
The ocean is unusually calm tonight
The ocean is calmer tonight than it is on most nights |
|
|
Term
| What are the stges of language development? |
|
Definition
prelinguistic stage
cooing stage
babbling stage
one word stage
two word stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only way to communication is to cry when you are a baby
3 basic cries: hunger, anger, pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| vowel-like sounds infants product beginning around 2-3 months |
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Term
|
Definition
4-6 months
vowel-consonant combination that infants begin to produce (mama, dada, baba) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
begins around 1 year
true, real words
baby starts to realize that sound is related to meaning, now they are trying to get across messages |
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|
Term
| What is a very common mistake in the one-word stage? |
|
Definition
overextension
overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit word's meaning |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of overextension |
|
Definition
all animals are doggies
all men are daddy |
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Term
|
Definition
starts around 2 years
most kids are using short but understandable sentences by linking together 2 words
leave out all the niceties, but getting message across
telegraphic speech
overgeneralization |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| two or three word sentences of young children that contain only most necessary words |
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Term
|
Definition
| applying rules of grammar to cases that are exception to the rule |
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|
Term
| Give an example of overgeneralization |
|
Definition
To indicate more than one, you add s
They might say mans, instead of men
they are leaning because no one has said mans to them, but they are applying the rule
they have not learned the exceptions to the rules yet |
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Term
| General capacity to profit from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to changes in the envrioment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the theories for general intelligence? |
|
Definition
spearman's two-factor theory
thurstone and group factors |
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Term
| Spearman's Two-Factor Theory |
|
Definition
He suggested that there is a general intelligence factor, it is a singular concept, which he called g
that's why researcher saw agreements between different cognitive tests - they were all measuring different aspects of g
intelligence test scores also included measurement error and S - specific factor related to test
there is a general intelligence level |
|
|
Term
| Thurstone and Group Factors |
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Definition
| Thurstone said that there were aspects of intelligence that were at least partly independent of g. He called them group factors. So while two people could have the same level of g, they perform very differently on a number of specific factors |
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|
Term
| What were Thurstone's 7 group factors? |
|
Definition
verbal comprehension
word fluency
number
space
associative memory
perceptual speed
reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
general vocab, language abilities
can you get meaning from reading passages? size of vocab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to quickly generate/manipulate a large number of words with specific characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of word fluency |
|
Definition
rhyming words
homonyms
animals that start with G |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quickly perform math operations
(adding numbers in your head) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ability to read a map
roatating 3-D objects in your head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quickly memorise information, rote memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how quickly you can process visual information |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| rational, scientific thought |
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|
Term
NOTE:
Thurstone thought that simply thinking of intelligence as this g, this single construct, would make you overlook important distinctions that certain people have different levels of abilities in these certain areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two contemporary intelligence theories? |
|
Definition
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intellgences
Sternberg's Triarchic Model |
|
|
Term
| Why was Howard Gardner dissatisfied with traditional IQ test? |
|
Definition
| becyase he said that they only assessed intelligence in two areas - lingusihtic and logical-mathematical |
|
|
Term
| What other 6 areas of intelligence did Gardner add in his Theory of Multiple Intelligences? |
|
Definition
Linguistic intelligence
logial-mathematical
spatial
musical
body-kinesthetic
naturalist
interpersonal
intrapersonal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| verbal abilties (reading comprehension) |
|
|
Term
| Logical-Mathematical Intelligence |
|
Definition
| math abilties (understanding mathematical concepts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abiltiy to form spatial images and find ones way around enviroments |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of spatial intelligence |
|
Definition
| sailors who cna sail around islands by bodily influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to percieve and create pitch and rhythm |
|
|
Term
| Body-Kinesthetic Intelligence |
|
Definition
gift of fine motor movement
(doctors, dances, atheletes) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to understand natural phenomena (Jane Goodall, farmers) |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal Intelligence |
|
Definition
understanding others
(politicians, therapists) |
|
|
Term
| Intrapersonal Intelligence |
|
Definition
| understanding yourself, your own motivations |
|
|
Term
| Why is Gardner's concept unique? |
|
Definition
Because he claims independent existance for different intelligences in the human neural system
He points to the existance of sevants for proof of his assertion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill (Rain Man) |
|
|
Term
| Sternberg's Triarchi Model arranges abilties into 3 main components: |
|
Definition
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
Practical Intelligence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General learning and comprehension abilties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to select, encode, and combine info in meaningful ways to create new insights, theories, and ideas (thinking outside the box when give the same info you come up with new ideas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adaptive behavior in the real world
street smakrs, can you get your goals accomplished, can you size up situations accurately? |
|
|
Term
| What caused people to want to measure intelligence? |
|
Definition
in the early 1900's the ministry of public instruction in Paris wanted to provide extensive education for all intelligent kids and more practical, less academic kinds of schooling for less intelligent kids
They wanted to be fair so they needed a way to accurately measure intelligence |
|
|
Term
| Who did Paris turn to, to make them an intelligence test? |
|
Definition
| Alfred Binet - professor at the University of Sorbonne |
|
|
Term
| What did Benit and Simon want to measure? = |
|
Definition
child's mental age
chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance |
|
|
Term
| How did Benet come up with the mental age of a certain child? |
|
Definition
Give the kid a certain set of questions that should be answerable by his/her age group
this made the results easier to understand |
|
|
Term
| Revisions of Benit's test were made by _______ |
|
Definition
Lewis Terman - Stanford University
The name of the test was changed to Stanford-Benit test |
|
|
Term
| The Standford-Benit test was the first intelligence test to use: = |
|
Definition
intelligence quotient (IQ)
calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multplying by 100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with age-related IQ? |
|
Definition
| one's mental age does not increase steadily throughout the lifetime (not much different between the intelligence of you when you were 40 vs 50) |
|
|
Term
| Now what kind of IQ is used? |
|
Definition
deviation IQ
score is compared to standard scoes with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
An additional problem with Stanford-Benit test is that it was expensive, took a long time because it was only one person at a time, and it took a long time for people to learn how to administer the test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was group intelligence testing first used? |
|
Definition
| During a war in which soilders needed to be tested to see if they should go to officer school or general infantry |
|
|
Term
| American Psychological Association appointed a committee, headd by __________, to come up with a way to classify soliders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two tests did Yerks come up with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written test that could be given to large groups, provided rough estimate of intelligence |
|
|
Term
| What was the problem with Army Alpha? |
|
Definition
| not all of the troops could take it bc some were illerterate and some didn't speak English |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-verbal tests for illiterates and those who don't speak English; administered in groups |
|
|
Term
| What was the problem with Army Beta? |
|
Definition
USELESS
designed for people who couldn't speak english, but the instructions were in English |
|
|
Term
| What are the two modern test of mental abilities? |
|
Definition
aptitude test
achievement test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
designed to predict a person's future performance; the capacity to learn
ACT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measure what you know about a specific area
Psych exam |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Achievement tests are more the result of educational experiences, whereas aptitude is more reflective of underlying mental abilties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Achievement/aptitude) is better for IQ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things should tests always have? |
|
Definition
standardization
reliability
validity |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in standardization of tests? |
|
Definition
| norms and representative samle |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Every tests must have norms (average scores to compare the indivdual to) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To establish norms the test is given to a ________________ = |
|
Definition
representative sample
a large sample of people who are like the target group the test is intended for |
|
|
Term
| How should testing procedures be standardized? |
|
Definition
Given same instructions
testing in quiet conditions
same amount of time
want everyone to have the same advantages |
|
|
Term
| Yeilding the same results at different testing occasions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
The longer the test, the more reliable the rest = suffcient sample of items |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
your test needs to measure what is claims to measure
test what it claims to test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
|
|
Term
| Example of content validity |
|
Definition
| on the next psych test there should only be psych questions, no math questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict |
|
|
Term
| Example of predictive validity |
|
Definition
| do the SAT and ACT really predict how well you will do in college? |
|
|
Term
| Differences in the extent to which the person being tested has had the opportunity to know and become familaiar with the specific subject matter or process required by the test item |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Most researchers in the intelligence field agree that intelligence is influenced both by fnese and by envriomental influences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A self-confriming concern that on will be evaluated based on a negative stereotye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of how stereotype threat can influence testing |
|
Definition
| When women are told that girls do worse in math than boys right before a math test they do worse, they are trying to get out of that negative stereotype and they are focusing on that and the test ... bad results |
|
|
Term
| A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the theories of motivation? |
|
Definition
instincts
drive-reduction theory
optimum arousal theory
Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
|
|
Term
| Early in the 20th century, pyschologists were inclined to attribute behaviors to _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex behaviors that is rigidly patterned throughout a species an is unlearned, non-chosen behavior that is true for all species |
|
|
Term
| Example of animals instincts |
|
Definition
flying
salmon swimming up-stream
spiders spinning webs |
|
|
Term
| In the 1920's the theory of instinct as a theory of motivation fell out of favo for what three reasons? |
|
Definition
human beahvior is learned (motivated to be here)
human behavior is rarely rigid, inflexible, unchaning, and found throuoit the species, as in the case with instincts
saying that every human behavior has a corresponding instinct explains nothing |
|
|
Term
| What is the drive-reduction theory? |
|
Definition
| a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satify the need |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of s physiological need? |
|
Definition
need for food
need for water |
|
|
Term
| A state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
In the drive-reduction theory what you are attempting to do is return your body to homeostasis - a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The drive-reduction theory also says that we are pulled by incentives, which are: |
|
Definition
| positive or negative enviromental stimuli that also serve to motivate our behavior |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an incentive |
|
Definition
| money is an incentive, whereas being hungry and eating is a drive |
|
|
Term
T/F
Drives are unlearned and incentives are person-specific and the result of learning. What is appealing or repellent to you might not be for another person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theory of motivation in which each individual has an optimal level of arousal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three things does the optimum arousal theory depend on? |
|
Definition
individual = some people want to go sky diving, some people don't see the need - some want to have a higher level of arousal, where others want a lower
situation = in class you want a medium level of arousal, in tiger stadium you want a high level of arousal
timing = have a cup of coffee in the morning to get a high level of arousal, stop drinking caffeine around 4pm so arousal is low enough to go to sleep |
|
|
Term
| What is Maslow's Hierarchy of needs? |
|
Definition
often depicted as a pyramid of five levels: the four lower levels are grouped together as deficiency needs, while the top is termed as being needs
higher needs can only be met once all the lower needs have been entirely satisfied |
|
|
Term
| What are the deficiency needs? |
|
Definition
physiological
safety
love/belonging
esteem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| achieve homeostasis; need food, water, air, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| need to feel safe and secure in our enviroment, don't want to feel anxious about being attacked |
|
|
Term
| Most of the time we put bodily needs before our safety needs, but it some situations it is opposite. Give an example of this |
|
Definition
War in Bosnia
Two groups are trying to wipe each other out, war took place in cities, people chose to live in suburban areas to be safe, but now they don't live by food, which is a boidly need |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emotional-based relationsips in general
the need to feel loved and accepted by people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the need for the respect of and recognition by others and the need for self-respect |
|
|
Term
| If you want to be happy you need to meet deficiency needs, but if you want to grow as a person you need to meet the ________ needs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two being needs? |
|
Definition
self-actualization
self-transcendence |
|
|
Term
| What is self-actualization? |
|
Definition
| inborn need to make the most of unique abilities in ourselves, make the most of our skill sets |
|
|
Term
| What is self-transcendce? |
|
Definition
| spiritual needs; once we are the best we can be, we might need to make a spiritual connection |
|
|
Term
| Which being need is no longer considered part of the hierarchy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body are involved in hunger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A classic experiment performed in the early 1900s by W.B. Cannon and A.L. Washburn supported the notion that hunger was caused by: |
|
Definition
| the feeling of an empty study |
|
|
Term
| Describe Washburn and Cannon's experiment |
|
Definition
| Washburn fasted on the days of the experiment and inserted a narrow rubber tube into his esophagus. At the end of the tube was a small balloon that could be inflated in his stomach just enough to register a change when the stomach walls contracted. |
|
|
Term
| Why isn't Washburn and Cannon's findings totally correct? |
|
Definition
stomach sensations are only part of why we feel hungry
people without a stomach still get hungry
sometimes you have food in your stomach and you are hungry and sometimes you don't have food in your stomach and you aren't hungry |
|
|
Term
| What is the glucostatic theory of hunger? |
|
Definition
| it proposes that hunger arises when glucose "thermostats" in the nervous system (glucostats) detect low levels of glucose in the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
| Both the liver and the hypothalamus contain glucoreceptors - |
|
Definition
| cells that monitor glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| Explain the experiment done for the glucostatic theory of hunger |
|
Definition
Rat and human studies
in the rat studies they inject small amounts of glucose into the bloodstream. The rats that got the glucose delayed eating vs the rats who didn't get the injection
humans: same injection, but ask them when they get hungry; the ones who got the injection were not hungry as fast |
|
|
Term
| The "on" switch for hunger in the hypothalamus seems to be in the ____________, the "off" switch seems to be in the ______________ |
|
Definition
lateral hypothalamus
ventromedial hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| When the lateral hypothalamus is active you feel: hungry/not hungry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whethe ventromedial hypothalamus is activated you feel: hungry/ not hungry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were to lesion the lateral hypothalamus, what would happen? |
|
Definition
| you would never get hungry - can lead to under-eating or starvation |
|
|
Term
| If you were to lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus, what would happen? |
|
Definition
| you would never be full - lead to insatisfiabliity or obese animals |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus also produces eating even when the animals was full.
Electrically stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus inhibited eating even if the animals was starved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than 90% of people afflicted with eating disorders are: |
|
Definition
| adolescent and young adult women |
|
|
Term
| Why are young women particulary culnerable to eating disorders? |
|
Definition
| they have a tendency to go on a strict diet to achieve an ideal figure |
|
|
Term
| Self-starvations and dramatic weight loss (15% below your normal weight) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Many people with anorexia nervosa look emaciated but are convinced they are overweight. Their brain is not functioning right, so they are no longer perceiving reality as it is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical Effects of Anorexia Nervosa |
|
Definition
• Loss of menstrual periods
• Dry, brittle bones due to significant bone density loss (osteoporosis)
• Dry, brittle nails and hair; or hair loss
• Lowered resistance to illness
• Hypersensitivity to heat and cold (loss the fat)
• Bruises easily
• Appears to need less sleep than normal eaters
• Digestive problems such as bloating or constipation
• Muscle loss and weakness
• Severe dehydration, which can result in kidney failure
• Fainting, fatigue, and overall weakness
• Eventual growth of a downy layer of hair (lanugo) all over the body, including the face (the body is trying to stay warm)
• In severe cases: heart trouble, low blood pressure, low heart rate, low body temperature, poor circulation, anemia, stunted growth, and even death |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of those with anorexia die? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involves eating massive amounts of food and then eliminating the food by self-induced vomitting, use of strong laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Stomach acid is very strong, you can tear your espophagus from throwing up so much; bulimia is often first noticed by the dentist becuase the enamel on the teeth is gone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
People with bulimia have normal or above normal body weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of causes for eating disorders? |
|
Definition
| biological, social, psychological/emotional |
|
|
Term
| What are the biological causes for eating disorders? |
|
Definition
higher levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin make you withdraw socially and have less desire for food
high levels of seretonin may be a cause for anorexia
genetically passed down (through genes and learned behaviors) |
|
|
Term
| What are the social causes of eating disorders? |
|
Definition
particular professions and sports emphasize thinness and low body weight
some cultures value thinness as a key element of attractiveness, esp for women
families that emphasize overachievement of physical fitness often product family members with eating disorders |
|
|
Term
NOTE
69% of the playboy centerfolds and 60% of the Miss America contestants weigh 15% less than they should |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the psychological and emotional causes of eating disorders? |
|
Definition
personality traits associated with anorexia = perfectionism, obsessiveness, approval-seeking, low self-esteem, withdrawal, irritability, and black-or-white thinking
the feelings of being overwhelmed and powerless in teen years makes us want to control something in our life |
|
|
Term
T/F
Anorexia is the deadliest mental disorder |
|
Definition
true
beats out mental depression and schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
| An enduring attraction towards members of one's own sex, members of the opposite sex or members of both sexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Heterosexual and homosexual behaviors are distinct in pattern and can be easily defined. You are the way you are for your entire life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today it is more acceptable to view sexual orientation as a continum from exclusive heterosexulaity to exclusive homosexuality. Who pioneered this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Alfred Kinsey describe sexual orientation? |
|
Definition
| as a continum on a 6-point scales, with 0 meaning exclusive heterosexuality and 6 meaning exclusive homosexuality |
|
|
Term
| If you give a gay man, male hormones, does it make him less gay? |
|
Definition
| no, it just increases their sexual desire |
|
|
Term
| The critical period during gestation may contribute to sexual orientation. 2-5 months. Exposure of the fetus to hormone levels characteristic of females might cause the individual, male or female, to be attracted to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did neuroscientist Simon LeVay find out about the part of the hypothalamus that governs sexual behavior? |
|
Definition
| it is twice as large in heterosexual men than it is in homosexual |
|
|
Term
| What did researches Allen and Gorski find that backs up biological causes for homosexuality? |
|
Definition
| the section of the anterior commissure (connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain) is 1/3 larger in homo men than in hetero men |
|
|
Term
| When using twin studies for biological cause of homosexuality, what was found? |
|
Definition
identical twins = if one of the twins was gay, 2/3 of other one was gay
dizygotic twins = 1/3 had same homosexual sexual orientation
can't say that there is a gfay gene, or that it is soley genetics bc then it would have been 100% |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
A person's sexual ortientation is most likely determined by a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and enviromental factors
so really no one knows what cuases a person to be homosexual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emotions are a mix of what 4 things? |
|
Definition
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious awareness, including thoughts and feelings
how you feel (sense of happiness) |
|
|
Term
| What are the theories of emotion? |
|
Definition
James-Lange Theory
The Canon-Bard Theory
Schacter and Singer's Two Factor Theory |
|
|
Term
| The theory of emotion that says stimuli in the enviroment cause physiological changes in our bodies that we interpret as emotions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the James-Lange Theory of emotion |
|
Definition
| If you are walking in the woods and you see a bear, your body will respond in predictable ways: heart will beat faster, pupils will dilate, breathing will become faster and more shallow, and you will sweat. Since these changs in your body occur, you must be scared. |
|
|
Term
| What problems does the James-Lange theory have? |
|
Definition
People with spinal cord injuries, where info about sensation passes to the brain goes, according to this theory shluld not be able to express emotion, but they can
most bodily changes are associated with different emotions that are very similar (anxious or in love) |
|
|
Term
| The Canon-Bard Theory of emotion says when a person faces an event that effects them the message collected from the sensory system travels to the thalamus in the brain, here the message divides: |
|
Definition
one part goes to the cerebral cortex, which gives rise to the emotional expierence
the other part goes to the hypothalamus which gives rise to the boidly changes |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
In the James-Lange Theory and the Canon-Bard Theory we experience the emotion and boidly changes at the same time, there is not a lag time between the two |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Schacter and Singer's Two Factor Theory? |
|
Definition
our envrioment as well as thought processes contribute to the typw of emotional experirnce that we have in any situation
First there is some trigger in the envrioment, this triggers bodily changes
as the patterns of bodily change are similar the person must make an appraisal of the situation and figure out which particular emotion they are feeling |
|
|
Term
| Behavior such as facial expression, bodily posture, and eye gaze. It is behavior other than spoken or written cmmunication that creates or represents meaning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonverbal cues are irrepressible, meaning they are hard to control. Give an example of this. |
|
Definition
| if you are trying to figure out if someone is lying, dont pay attention to what they are saying, rather pay attention to their non-verbal communication. Because the nonverbal cues are so hard to hide, they are very useful in gauging another persons moods and intentions |
|
|
Term
T/F
The meaning of gestures in culturally dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most universal way of conveying emotion, other than speaking? |
|
Definition
| facial expressions - they are so universal that people who are blind from birth show common facial expressions associated with joy, sadness, fear, and anger |
|
|
Term
| How did Darwin explain the universaily of expressions? |
|
Definition
| they helped us survive in our evolutionary past, before we developed language |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Similar facial expressions across cultures point to human genetic similarities acorss cultures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our faical ecpressions can influence our emotional experience |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of facial feedback |
|
Definition
| pen in the mouth example: teeth vs. lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manipulating behaviors such as posture can also affect our emotion |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of behavior feedback |
|
Definition
| if you make me walk to CEBA hunched over and shuffling, you will feel worse |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
words used to name or describe an emotion may influence how that emotion is experienced. For example, the Tahitian language has not direct translation for the concept of sadness. Instead, Tahitians experience sadness in terms of physical illness. The sadness we feel over the departure of a close friend would be experienced by a Tahitian as, say, exhaustion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotions shared by peple throughout the world, regardless of culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fear
anger
plesure
(sadness, disgust, surprise) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 criteria for primary emotions? |
|
Definition
be evident in all cultures
contribute to survival
be associated with a distinct facial expressions
be evident in non-human primates |
|
|
Term
| Is love a primary emotions? |
|
Definition
| no - it does not make a faical expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotions found throughout one or more cultures, but not through all cultures. They may be thought of as combinations of primary emotions |
|
|
Term
| Interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medial knowledge and apllies that knowledge to health and diease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| application of psychological concepts and research to illness prevention and treatment, and to health advancement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process by which we percieve and response to certain events that we interprent as challenging or threatening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the events called that cause stress, that we see as challenging or threatening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
When talking about stress, interpretation is important to keep in mind. What is stressful to one person may not be stressul for another person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a stress reaction? |
|
Definition
| physical and emotional response you have to stressorsl how you react to stress |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of physcial stress reactions? |
|
Definition
lose sleep
hives
sweat
increase heart rate
blood pressue spikes
secrete more stomach acid - ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of emotional stress reactions? |
|
Definition
| fel angry or overwhelemed |
|
|
Term
T/F
Stress can be beneficial or harmful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleasent or curative stress |
|
|
Term
| What can eustress do for you? |
|
Definition
can help you
give you a competitve edge in performace related activities like athletics, giving a speech, acting |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of when eustress is good? |
|
Definition
| you are nervous (stressed) about the test so you study to prepare, if you had no stress, you wouldn't study at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpleasent or disease-producing stress |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Stess is a psychobiological process, with both physiological and psychological components and consequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An early contribution to the understnading of stress was psychologist _________'s description of the fight or flight response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flight or fight response? |
|
Definition
| organism prepares for danger with sympathetic activation |
|
|
Term
| In the beginning the fight or flight response helps you, but if the danger does not go away (such as stress from school or job), the organism is perpetually aroused. What can happen because of this? |
|
Definition
| leads to deteriorating health |
|
|
Term
| Who did stress experiements witha wide range of stressful events from injections to fatigue to extreme cold to reveal that the body responds to stressful conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Hans Selye develop? |
|
Definition
| general adaption syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are tthree parts to the genderal adaption syndrome? |
|
Definition
alarm reaction
stage of resistance (adaption)
stage of exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| Describe stage 1: alarm reaction |
|
Definition
| immediate reaction to a stressor |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Even in the first stage of general adaption syndrome, your immune system is negatively impacted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe stage 2: Stage of Resistance |
|
Definition
| if the stress continues, the body starts to adapt to the circumstances |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of stage of resistance |
|
Definition
| if the source of stress is starvation, your stomach will shrink, your body will start to raid your fat source, and your body will use all the nutrients it can get from the food you do eat |
|
|
Term
| Describe stage 3: stage of exhaustion |
|
Definition
| body's resistance to stress may gradually be reduced, or may collpase quickly |
|
|
Term
| Unpredictable, large-scale events, like an earthquake or tsunami |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are significant life changes? |
|
Definition
anytime we have to adjust to new life cirumstanes
most people seek order, continuity, and predictability in their lives
therefore when they experience change, good or bad, it can be stressful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minor, irritating incidents that occur everyday
they are not huge on their own, but if you experiences lots in a short period of time your stress levels go up |
|
|
Term
| Unpleasent tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity resulting from a blocked goal |
|
Definition
frustration
you have something you want to accomplish, but something else is preventing you from getting it done |
|
|
Term
| A researcher named ________ listed 5 sources of frustration that are especially common in American life: |
|
Definition
Morris
delays
lack of resources
losses
failure
discrimination |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Our culture holds that success or failure depends on an individual's talent and effort, not luck, good fortune, or simply being in the right place at the right time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once of the most thoroughly researched links between personality and health is between heart disease and the ________ personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impatient
hard-driving
ambitious
compeptive
hostile
sucess-oriented
angry
all of this puts stress on the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more relaced
easy-going
less easily angered
much less likely to suffer heart disease |
|
|
Term
| Some say there is a type c personality, which is: |
|
Definition
inward type A, outward type B
these people die of cancer |
|
|
Term
| Recent research suggest that the type A pattern has components that may be related to _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combination of defensiveness and negative emotions; implicated in narrowing of arteries leading to the heart |
|
|
Term
T/F
The relation between stress and increased risk of infection is well established |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects the body from any foreign materials that may enter it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of coping? |
|
Definition
problem focused coping
emotion focused coping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the soruce of stress or the way we interact with the stressor |
|
|
Term
| Give example of problem focused coping |
|
Definition
| her mother in law is mean to her and says mean things that make her want to kill her, but she can just pretend she is old and doesn't know what she is talking about - changes the way she itneracts with the stressor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring stressor and attending to emotioanl needs realted to stress reaction; try to make yoruself feel better |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of emotion-focused coping |
|
Definition
| there is a test after spring break, stressed about it, well it is later, don't need to worry about hat now |
|
|
Term
Researchers have found that there is a correlation between a person’s perception of the degree of control she feels she has over the situation at hand and the use of problem- vs emotion-focused coping.
The more control one feels one has, the more likely they are to use which method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is emotional-focused coping useful? |
|
Definition
when there are situation that are beyond our control that we are stressed about
also helps us to manage our negative emotional states (saddness, anxiety, depression) |
|
|
Term
| What factors help us to cope effectively? |
|
Definition
percieved control
explanatory style
social support |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
When compared to people with few relationships, people with more social ties are less likely to die prematurely, and more likely to survive for a longer period of time if diagnosed with a disease like leukemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is social support so beneficial? |
|
Definition
| it seems we take better care of ourselves when we have a good support system. We eat better, exercise more, sleep better, smoke less, and more effective in coping with stress |
|
|
Term
| A study by ______________ found that the surviving spouses of people who had committed suicide or died in car accidents who talked to their friends about their grief had fewer health problems than did surviving spouses who didn’t share their grief with others. While the conversations may be painful, talking about our troubles seems to be helpful in the long term. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coronary heart disease
chancers of all types
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
increases ulcers in stomach and mouth |
|
|
Term
| Effects of anti-smoking laws |
|
Definition
make people less likely to quit
nobody likes being told what to do |
|
|
Term
| Why do people smoke in the first place? |
|
Definition
start young when we are stupid and want to impress our friends and peers
presented in media outlets as cool and socailly acceptable
personal fable - no one is like us, nothing bad is going to happen to me |
|
|
Term
T/F
The addictiveness of nicotine is compareable to heroine and cocaine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Seconds after you inhale, nicotine hits the brain where it causes the release of neurotransmitters that increase alertness and make you feel good |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms |
|
Definition
cravings to smoke
irritable, cranky
insomina
fatigue
inability to concentrate
headache
cough
sore throat
constipation, gas, stomach pain
dry mouth
sore tounge and or gums
postnasal drip
tightness in chest |
|
|
Term
T/F
Your cough gets better when you stop smoking? |
|
Definition
false
the hairs in the throat wake up and start to move the tar out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consuming five or more drinks in a row for boys an hour or more than 4 in a row for girls |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take your body to deal with 1 serving of alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a body mass indx of 30 or more |
|
|
Term
| What is body mass index? (BMI) |
|
Definition
| your weight in kilograms divided by your height in meters squared |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doesn't take into accound muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| What percent of americans are overweight? Obese? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Being significantly overweight increases your risk of developing: |
|
Definition
diabetes
high blood pressure
heart disease
arthritis
certain forms of cancer
shortens life span |
|
|
Term
| Beyond the health consequences, what are the social consequences to obesity? |
|
Definition
seen by others as lazy, sloppy, lcking in self-discipline, less sincere, obnoxious, and less friendly
less likely to get hired for a job, less likely to get married |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beware of the binge
don't starve all day and eat one big meal at night
eat healthy foods
be realistic and moderate
take steps to boost your metabolism
minimize exposure to tempting foods
begining only if you are motivated and self-diciplined |
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