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| internal states that arouse and direct behavior toward specific objects or goals |
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| states of tension within a person as a need is satisfied the state of tension is reduced. usually the state of tension is caused by the lack of something |
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| murray believed that each person has a unique combination of needs. an individuals various needs can be thought of as existing at a different level of strength. |
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| the interaction of forces within a person |
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| need relevant aspects of the environment. a person's need for intimacy won't affect that person's behavior without an appropriate environmental press |
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| the actual environment...objective reality |
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| the perceived environment...the subjective reality |
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| the notion that a person's needs influence how he or she perceives the environment especially if the environment is ambiguous |
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| thematic apperception test |
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| set of black and white ambiguous pictures. shown each picture and told to write a short story depicting what is happening in each picture. stories are then coded for imagery associated with particular motives. TAT is a popular personality assessment |
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| a concept that can be applied to motives and emotions, state levels refer to a person's momentary amount of a specific need or emotion |
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| a concept that can be applied to motives and emotions, trait levels refer to a persons average tendency or set point on the specific motive or emotion. idea is that people differ from each other in their typical or average amount of specific motives or emotions. |
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| designed to assess motives, it uses 14 pictures representing achievement power or intimacy and a series of questions about important motivational states to elicit answers from test subjects. in theory the motives elicited from the photographs would influence how the subject answers the questions |
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| motives as they are measured in fantasy based techniques, as opposed to direct self report measures. |
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| self attributed motivation |
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| a person's self awareness of their own conscious motives |
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| the desire to do better, to be successful and to feel competent. obtain satisfaction from accomplishing a task or the anticipation of completing a task |
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| certain potential behaviors can promote high achievement motivation, autonomy, and independence in their children |
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| preference for having an impact on other people. |
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| life experiences that provide opportunities to learn to behave responsibly. moderates the gender difference in impulsive behaviors |
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| when people dont get their way or their power is challenged they are likely to show strong stress responses |
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| the recurrent preference or readiness for warm close and communicative interaction with others. |
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| meaning of any persons life is found in the choices they make and the responsibility they take in those choices. emphasizes need for growth and realizing ones full potential. |
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| base of Maslow's hierarchy, include needs that are of prime importance to the immediate survival of the individual as well as needs for long term survival of the species |
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| second to lowest level of Maslow's hierarchy, needs have to do with shelter, and security. |
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| third level of Maslows motivational hierarchy, accepted by others and welcomed into a group represents a somewhat more psychological need than the physiological needs or the need for safety |
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| fourth level of Maslow's hierarchy, 2 types of self esteem - from self and from others. |
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| becoming more and more what one idiosyncratically is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming |
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| subjective state that people report when they are completely involved in activity to the point of forgetting time fatigue and everything else but the activity itself |
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| a person on his or her way to self actualization, not necessarily there already. open to new experiences and ideas. |
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| according to Roger's all children are born wanting to be loved and accepted by their parents and others. |
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| the requirements set forth by parents or significant others for earning their positive regard. |
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| conditional positive regard |
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| people behave in specific ways to earn the love and respect and positive regard of parents and other significant people in their lives. positive regard when it must be earned by certain conditions is called conditional positive regard |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| the receipt of affection love or respect without having done anything to earn it. for example, a parent's love for a child should be unconditional |
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| people who have received positive regard from others develop a sense of positive self regard. accept themselves, weaknesses and shortcomings. |
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| an unpleasant high arousal emotional state associated with perceived threat. seen as a signal that the control of of the ego is being threatened by reality |
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| defense mechanism in Roger's theory of personality, refers to modifying the meaning of experiences to make them less threatening to self image |
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| 1- knowing ones emotions 2- regulate those emotions 3- motivate oneself 4- know how others are feeling 5- influence how others are feeling |
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| clients are never given interpretations of their problem. nor are clients given any direction about what course to take to solve their problem. therapist doesn't change the person, but creates an environment to encourage self change |
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| three core conditions must be present in client centered therapy - 1 - atmosphere of general acceptance 2- therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the client 3 - client must feel that the therapist understands him or her |
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| understanding the person from his or her point of view. instead of interpreting the meaning behind what the person says the client just listens to what the person says and reflects it back |
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