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| Studied atoms of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Considered the birth of psychology. |
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| Who was Edward Titchener? |
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| One of Wilhelm's first students, coined the term Structuralism and brought this school of thought to Cornell. |
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| American philosopher, suggested the used of Functionalism (study of the function of the mind) instead of structuralism (thinking about your own thinking... problem being that it was not objective) |
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emphsized importance of unconcious mind and its effects on human behavior.
(parallel processing) |
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| discovered classical conditioning, a type of learning based on associations of things with responses (dogs) |
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| studied classical conditioning in humans. said we should only study stuff that can be onserved (overt behavior, no emotions) this idea held back psychology from the 1920's-1960's |
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| studied Operant conditioning- how organism operate within their environment (response/consequence) |
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| Who were Maslow and Rogers? |
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| focused on "the self". emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. |
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| What is Critical thinking? |
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Definition
| more careful style of forming/evaluating knowledge than just using intuition |
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| What is the hindsight bias? |
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Definition
| looking back on things and thinking you "knew it all along" |
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| What is the overconfidence error? |
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Definition
| might help us lead other people, builds more confidence in followers than accuracy. |
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| What is percieving order? |
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Definition
| helps us make predictions |
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| What is the scientific method? |
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Definition
| Test, observe, analyze, modify ideas. |
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| What are the three scientific attitudes? |
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Definition
1) Curiosity: always asking new questions
2)Skepticism: not accepting "fact" as true without challenging it.
3)Humility:seeking the truth rather than trying to be right |
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| a set of principles built of observations and other verifiable facts that explains some phenominon and predicts its future behavior |
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| a testable prediction consistent with a theory. |
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| trying a test again using the exact same proceedures to see if you get the same result |
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| What is the research process? |
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| Theories lead to hypothesis, test hypothesis with research and observation |
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| Examining one individual in depth. can be a source of ideas about human nature in general |
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| a method of gathering info about many people's thought or behaviors through self-report rather than observation. important to have a random sample so every person in a popluation has an equal chance of being in the sample |
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| What is naturalistic observation? |
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Definition
| watching, taking notes, and trying not to change anything. |
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| What is a correlation and a correlation coefficient? |
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Definition
Correlation: observation that two traits or attributes are related to each other
C.c.- number representing the strength and direction of correlation |
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| what does a correlation tell us about causation? |
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Definition
| correlation never tells about causation |
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| What is the differece between a random sample and random assignment? |
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Definition
Sample: how you get a pool of research participants that represents the population you're trying to learn about
assignment: randomly assigning participants to control or experimental groups |
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| What is a double blind procedure? |
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Definition
| groups and experimenters dont know who is getting the placebo and who isnt |
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| What is a placebo and the placebo effect? |
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Definition
placebo: looks exactly like the real thing but has no effect
placebo effect: effects caused by expectations about intervention |
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| What are the experimental and control groups? |
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Definition
Experimental: group getting the experimental test (dependent variable)
control group: group that gets the placebo (independent variable) |
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Term
| What are mode, mean, median? |
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Definition
mode: most common level/number/score
mean: avg. (sum divided by total number)
median: middle person's score (50th percentile) |
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| What are range and standard deviation? |
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Definition
range: difference between highest and lowest
s.d.: calculation of the average distance of scores from the mean |
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| What are the parts of a neuron? |
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Definition
| dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, terminal branches, neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| recieve chemical info from other neurons |
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| passes messages from cell body to other neurons through terminal branches |
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Definition
| covers axon (insulates, makes action potential move faster) |
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| what are terminal branches? |
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Definition
| forms junctions with other neurons |
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| what are neurtransmitters? |
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Definition
| chemicals (sodium) released by terminal branches to communicate with other cells |
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| What is an action potential? |
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Definition
| neural impulse that travels down an axon like a wave |
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| Describe the process of neural communication. |
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Definition
| Dendrites recieve chem. messages (neurotranmitters) from other cells, chemicals converted to electrical signal (action potential)which, if it reaches threshold, opens gates in axon that sodium goes into, potassium comes out and continues down axon to terminal branches (synapses) where neurotransmitters are released and caught by other cell's dendrites, then immediately re-uptaken by pre-synaptic membrane (recycled) |
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| What are agonists and antagonists? |
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Definition
Agonist: mimics neurotransmitter closely enough to activate receptor
antagonist: prevents receptor from being turned on |
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| What are the different types of neurons? |
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Definition
| sensory (senses), motor (movement), interneurons (skin receptors, reflexes) |
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Definition
| transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord |
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Definition
| house memories- complex webs of interconnected neurons |
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| What does the somatic nervous system do? |
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Definition
| controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles |
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| What is the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
controls self regulated actions of internal organs and glands
sympathetic n.s: arousal-fight, flight, fright, fuck. (conserves energy)
parasympathetic n.s.- oppostie of sympathetic, engages when calm (uses energy) |
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Term
| What is the endocrine system? |
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Definition
controls glands, hormones.
Pituitary- master gland, controls all other glands
hypothalamus (in brain) controls pituitary
Thyroid- metabolism
adrenal- fight or flight
pancreas- regultes blood sugar
testies/ovaries |
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Term
| What are some ways to study the brain using machines? |
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Definition
EEG- electroencephalogram
PET- positron emission tomography
MRI- magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI-functional MRI |
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Term
| What are the parts of the brain stem, what do they do? |
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Definition
Medulla- major life support- controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
Pons- controls movement
Thalamus- major sensory relay area- recieves signals from senses and sends to other parts of brain for interpretation
Reticular formation- arousal- causes brain to feel activated, ready to do stuff |
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Term
| What does the cerebellum do? |
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Definition
| involved with muscle memory (well learned movement) |
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| What are the parts/ functions of parts in limbic system? |
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Definition
Hippocampus: stores memories
Amygdala- fear/ anger
hypothalamus- controls pituitary gland |
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Term
| What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
Frontal- movement, brocha's area (speech)
Parietal-what you feel (hot, cold, pressure)
Occipital- vision
Temporal- hearing (wenicke's area- understanding language) |
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Term
| What is the motor cortex? |
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Definition
axons send motor signals to body
in frontal cortex |
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| What is the sensory cortex? |
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Definition
| axons send sensory info to cortex (parietal) |
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Term
| What is the association cortex? |
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Definition
| lets us put different info together, integrates info |
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Term
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Definition
| brain can't repair damaged neurons, but can restore some functions and form new connections/ reassign different networks |
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| What are the differences between the right and left hemispheres? |
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Definition
Left- thoughts/ logic, details, language, calculation, pieces
Right- feelings/intuition, big picture, language (tone, inflection, context), perceptions, wholes |
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