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Definition
| every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
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Definition
| the study of the relative power and limits of genetic environental influences on behavior |
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Definition
| threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes |
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Definition
| a complex molecule containing genetic info that make up chromosomes |
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| biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes |
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Definition
| complete instructions for maing an organism, consisting of genetic material in its chromosomes |
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| twins who devlop from a fertilized egg split in two |
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Definition
| twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs |
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| a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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| the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
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Definition
| the effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity) |
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Definition
| subfield of bio that studies the molecular structure and function of genes |
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Definition
| the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection |
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Definition
| theory that those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely pass down its "strong" genes to succeeding gen. |
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| random error in gene replication that leads to a change |
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Definition
| bio and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female |
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Definition
| enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one gen. to next |
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| understood rule for accepted and expected behavior |
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| buffer zone we like to have around our bodies |
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| giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes |
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Definition
| giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly |
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Definition
| physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
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| sex chromosomes in men and women |
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| sex hormone that stimulate the growth of male sex organs in fetus and dev. of male sex characteristics during puberty |
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Definition
| set of norms about a social position |
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Definition
| set of expected behaviors for males and females |
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Definition
| one's sense of being male/female |
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| acquisiton of a traditional masculine/feminine role |
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Definition
| theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded/punished |
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Definition
| theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male/female and adjust behavior accordingly |
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Definition
| branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social change thru-out the life span |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilized egg (0-2 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| dev human organism (2 weeks-2nd month) |
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Definition
| dev human organism (9 weeks-birth) |
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Definition
| agents, such as chem and viruses, that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal dev and cause harm |
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Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| physical/cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman's heavy drinking |
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Definition
| baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open mouth, and search for nipple |
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Definition
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation |
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Definition
| bio growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience |
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Definition
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets info |
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Definition
| interpreting one's new exp in terms of one's existing schemas |
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Definition
| adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new info |
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Definition
| all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Definition
| (Piaget birth-2yrs) stage in which infants know world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities |
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Definition
| awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
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Definition
| (Piaget 2-7yrs) stage during which a child learns to use language but doesn't comprehend mental operations of concrete logic |
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Definition
| principle that properties of mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
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Definition
| pre-op child's difficulty taking another's POV |
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Definition
| people's ideas about their own and others' mental states about feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and behavior these might predict |
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Definition
| disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind |
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Definition
| (Piaget 7-11yrs) stage during which children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
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Definition
| (Piaget 11 on) stage during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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Definition
| fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beg by 8 months age |
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Definition
| emotional tie with another person (young children and caretaker; stress when away) |
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Term
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Definition
| optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli/experiences produces proper dev |
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Definition
| process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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Definition
| (Erikson) sense that world is predictable and trustworthy |
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Definition
| sense of one's identity and personal worth |
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Definition
| transition period from childhood to adulthood |
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Definition
| period of sexual maturation |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| body structures that make sex possible |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| nonreproductive sex characteristics |
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Definition
| the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans |
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Definition
| (Erikson) one's sense of self |
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Definition
| (Erikson) ability to form close, loving relationships; primary dev task in late adolescence to early adulthood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| study in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
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Definition
| research in which same people are restudied and retested over a long period |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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Term
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Definition
| one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases with age |
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Definition
| culturally preferred timing of social events |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| A main subdivision of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| A main subdivision of the nervous system that consists of the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subdivision of the PNS that regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscles. |
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Definition
| A subdivision of the PNS that usually operates on its own to control glands and the muscles of internal organs (for example your heart beat). It is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| A subdivision of the Automatic Nervous System that controls your response to stress. (For example it raises your heart rate and breathing rate among other reactions.) |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| A subdivision of the Automatic Nervous System that calms the body after stress. (For example it would lower your heart rate and breathing rate among other reactions.) |
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Definition
| The part of the brain that regulates the heart's rhythm, blood flow, breathing, digestion, and vomiting. It operates in contralateral (opposite side) control. |
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Definition
| The part of the brain that includes a portion of the reticular formation and is important in arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the brain that controls motor functions and balance. It takes information from the inner ear about positioning to help maintain balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain that is the relay station for sensory neural pathways. It transports audio and visual information to and from the cerebral cortex. Some of the nuclei are involved in emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| controls automatic functions with sympathetic & parasympathetic in Medulla. Sets drives for hunger, thirst, & sexual desire. Sets emotional states with endocrine system by controlling hormones released by pituitary gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the brain that controls aggression and fear. This part of the brain is also important in forming sensory memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the brain that enables the formation of new long term memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the brain that receives and processes sensory information, movement, and thinking/planning/judgement. It consists of the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the frontal lobe, and the temporal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the cerebral cortex that processes vision. The left side of the brain processes the right field of vision and the right side of the brain processes the left field of vision. |
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Definition
| Part of the cerebral cortex containing the somatosensory cortex for touch sensation. |
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Definition
| Part of the cerebral cortex that initiates movement with the skeletal muscles. |
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Definition
| Part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory information from both ears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the frontal lobe (the left frontal lobe) controlling the production of speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the temporal lobe (in the left temporal lobe) that understands language and makes meaningful sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the brain, if damaged, to move the function of the damaged area to another part of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "peaks" in the surface of the cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "valleys" in the surface of the cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system that contains the hippocampus, the amygdala, the cingulated cortex, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. It controls emotional behavior and some aspects of memory and vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells guide the growth of neurons. They also give nutrition to neurons, and get rid of wastes of the neuron. They form the myelin sheath. |
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Term
| Neuron, and it's 3 functions |
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Definition
| The basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. It has three functions: 1. Receive information 2. Process information 3. Transmit information to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| In a neuron, it contains cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of neurotransmitters among other things. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a neuron, it receives information. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a neuron, it is a conducting fiber that transports an electric signal to the axon terminals. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a neuron, the glial cells that cover the axon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical stored in structures called synaptic vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that controls the contraction of skeletal muscles, regulates the heart's contractions, is involved in memory, and transmits from the brain to the spinal cord (CNS). |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that stimulates the hypothalamus, synthesizes hormones, and regulates alertness and movement. A lack of this neurotransmitter is linked with Parkinson's disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that regulates concentration, attention, moods, and emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a net flow of sodium ions in a cell causes the potential to change across the cell membrane. If the stimulation is not strong enough, the neuron will not fire. |
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Term
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Definition
| The small area between neurons. Neurotransmitters are released into it and attach to receptor sites on the membranes of dendrites. |
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Term
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| These neurotransmitters cause neurons on the other side of the synapse to generate an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| These neurotransmitters prevent neural impulses from firing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that cary impulses from sensory receptors to the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that are in the brain and spinal cord that cary impulses between sensory and motor neurons. |
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Definition
| Neurons that cary impulses to muscle cells that cause gland cells to secrete. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The "master gland" that stimulating hormones & promote secretion by glands including TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ADH (retains water in body), HGH (human growth hormone), and ACTH (stimulates the adrenal cortex). |
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Definition
| Produces steroid hormones (the stress hormone), epinephrine, and nonepinephrine. (Epinephrine and nonepinephrine prepare the body for fight or flight.) |
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Definition
| Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar and fuel the behavioral process. |
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Definition
| scanning the brain that sends x-rays through the brain at different angels, resulting in computer imaging of the extent of a lesion (destruction of brain tissue). Shows the structure of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of scanning the brain where magnetic fields and radio waves measure the density of brain tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of scanning the brain that transmits signals about the brain's electrical activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of scanning the brain where color graphics show the amount of metabolic and neural activity in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of scanning the brain that measures changes in oxygen and blood flow in the working brain. |
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Term
| 2 methods of scanning for structure: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon Terminals, Neural Impulse, Myelin Sheath, Axon |
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Term
| subdivisions of nervous system |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System: Brain and the Spinal Cord. Peripheral Nervous System: Somatic, and Automatic which branches off into the sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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