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| process through which sensations are interpreted |
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| incorrect perception of a stimulus |
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| perception in the absence of a stimulus |
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| says that we perceive most clues from the environment directly. we are so well adapted to our environment that we do not require higher level analysis and inferences |
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| emphasizes the inferences/guesses that people make about the environment |
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| believe that neural activity transforms sensory stimulation into our experience of reality |
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| the messages from the senses |
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| the messages from the senses |
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| modify environmental energy before the energy is actually detected by the sensory system properly |
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| what is the key event of sensation? |
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| converts environmental energy into neural activity |
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| cells that are specialized to detect certain forms of energy |
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| carry the output from sensory receptors to the central nervous system |
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| For all senses (except smell) information first goes to the ________ which relays it to the _____________ where the most complex processing occurs |
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| thalamus...cerebral cortex |
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| amplitude= _________ = __________ |
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| amplitude is measured in ____ |
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| frequency is measured in _______ |
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| pinna- ear canal- tympanic membrane- hammer- anvil- stirrup- cochlea- auditory nerve- thalamus- auditory cortex |
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| what is the point of transduction in auditory pathways? |
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| problems with the bones in the inner ear- the middle ear’s bones fuse so that they cannot properly amplify vibrations problems with the bones in the inner ear- the middle ear’s bones fuse so that they cannot properly amplify vibrations |
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| problems with the auditory nerve or hair cells (cochlea) |
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| cornea-pupil-lens-retina- fovea-optic nerve- thalamus- visual cortex |
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| is the ability to change the shape of the lens to focus objects on the retina |
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| what is the point of transduction in visual pathway? |
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| surface of the back of the eye |
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| focusing light onto the retina |
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| I. Specialized cells in the retina that convert light energy into neural activity (sensory nerves) |
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| chemicals that respond to light. |
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| the increasing ability to see in the dark overtime. |
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| 2 types of photoreceptors |
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cones: color vision
rods: light |
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| where the optic nerve connects which has no photoreceptors and is insensitve to light |
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| what does our sensation in hearing depend on? |
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| what does our sensation in vision depend on? |
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| light intensity (brightness) & light wavelength (color) |
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| study of the relationship between the physical energy of the environmental stimuli and the psychological experience that those stimuli produce. |
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| minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time |
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| mathematical model of our personal sensitivity and response criterion combined to determine decisions about whether or not a near threshold stimulus has occurred |
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| the person's physical ability to detect a stimulus |
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| the spontaneous random firing of neurons….always present and fluctuating |
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| the person's willingness or reluctance to say that a stimulus is present |
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| just noticable difference (JND) |
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| The smallest difference between stimuli that we can detect. |
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| try to assign some stimuli to the foreground (figure) and some to the meaningless background (ground). |
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| what is the Gestalt theory about perception? |
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| proximity, similarity, continuity, closure |
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| proximity, similarity, continuity, closure |
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| likelihood principle= ___________ |
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| the perceptual process of mentally representing and interpreting sounds. |
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| Two-dimensional Location. |
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| ability lets us determine whether a stimulus is coming from the right or left, from above or below |
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| bias toward using visual information when it conflicts with information coming in from other senses |
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| ability to perceive distance |
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| bias toward using visual information when it conflicts with information coming in from other senses |
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| graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field. Texture appears less detailed as distance increases |
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| graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field. Texture appears less detailed as distance increases |
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| the closer together 2 converging lines are the greater the perceived distance |
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| involves each eye rotating inward to project the image of an object on each retina |
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| involves each eye rotating inward to project the image of an object on each retina |
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| : the difference between the 2 retinal images of an object (one from each eye), provides distance cues |
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| rapid expansion in the size of an image on the retina so that it fills the retina, is automatically perceived as an approaching stimulus and not an expanding object |
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| an illusion in which we perceive continual movement from a series of separate still images moving across the retina. It enables us to perceive movement in films and videos. |
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| perception of objects as constant in size, shape, color and other properties despite changes in their retinal image |
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| details. • relies on specific, detailed information elements from the sensory receptors that are integrated and assembled into a whole |
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| • Guided by knowledge, expectations, and other psychological factors |
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| a mental representation/visual/snap shot of a situation |
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| the process of directing and focusing certain psychological resources to enhance perception, performance, and mental experience. |
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| you can also shift attention without moving |
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| shifting attention by pointing sensory systems at a particular stimulus… purposely redirecting attention |
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