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| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning is referred to as |
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| a language acquisition device |
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| system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning |
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| set of rules that specify how units of lang can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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| indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds |
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| which morphemes can stand alone as words |
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| kids ____mastery of lang develops faster than ____ mastery |
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| passive faster than active |
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| in jap culture these two phonemes are one phoneme |
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| which two phonemes comes before m and n in babbling? |
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| devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words |
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| can tell diff in speech sounds |
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| understands some words & simple requests |
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| 50-200 word vocab, two word phrases |
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| 1000 words and phrases and incomplete sentences |
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| 1000 words and phrases and incomplete sentences |
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| more than 10,000 vocab, mastery of morphemes, full sentences |
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| skinner and behaviorist explanation can't account for fundamental characteristics because of 3 |
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1. parents dont spend much time correcting kids to speak grammatically correct
2. kids generate many more grammatical sentences than they ever hear
3. errors kids make when learning tend to be overgeneralizations of grammar rules |
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| language learning capacities are built into the brain |
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| syndrome characterized by inability to learn the grammatical structure of lang despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
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| really hard to learn a language after |
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| nativist theory does NOT explain |
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| interactionists point out that |
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| parents tailor verbal interactions with kid to simplify lang |
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| break down into seperate components |
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| what are sometimes referred as language centers of the brain and where are they located |
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broca's area left frontal cortex
wernick's area left temporal cortex |
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| speak in short staccato phrases that have content morphemes |
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| meaningless speech and difficulty comprehending lang |
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| 3 limitations apes have with language |
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| 1. vocab is small 2. concepts won't make sense to them 3. types of words they know are concrete nouns and simple actions |
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| lang shapes the nature of thought (Ben Whorf) |
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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| mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events or other stimuli |
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| features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
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| family resemblance theory |
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| we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
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| left hemisphere is primarily involved in |
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| right hemisphere is mainly active in |
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| learning exemplars involves 2 big parts of brain |
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| basal gangliaaa and frontal cortex |
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| inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category through the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed |
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| category specific deficit |
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| we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome and then multiplying the two |
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| fast and efficient strategies that may facilitate decision making but don’t guarantee that a solution will be reached |
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| people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
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| making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| people ignore ___ ___ basing their judgments off of ___ ___ ______ |
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| base rate, similarities to categories |
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| people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
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| people give greater weight to outcomes that are a sure thing |
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| people with _____ damage didnt show anticipatory feelings with risky behavior |
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| solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
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| analogical problem solving |
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| the analogical problem solving method is strongly affected by |
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| superficial similarities between problems |
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| people were more likely to solve a non-insightful problem if |
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| they felt they were getting warmer |
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| problem solving suffers from framing effects |
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| mental activity that consists of organizing info or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
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| is a system of rules that specifies which conclusions follow from a set of statements and is also a tool for evaluating reasoning |
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| figuring out what to do or reasoning directed toward action…ex Means Ends Analysis |
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| people’s judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid |
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| contained obscure terms whose meaning was unknown |
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| 3 ways human language is unique |
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1. highly complex
2. references intangible and abstract concepts
3. used in conscious thought |
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| High Amplitude Sucking Paradigm |
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pleasant auditory stimulus=sucking
habituation to familiar sounds
new sound= sucking again |
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| whats the problem with rational choice? |
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| humans dont equal computers, our quick decisions also bring no thought |
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| what is the most frequent theory for decision making? |
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| which theories most accurately reflect how we categorize information? |
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| is functional fixedness helpful in problem solving? |
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