Term
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Definition
| The relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior due to experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to connect stimuli (the changes that ocur in our environment) with responses (behaviors or other actions.) |
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Definition
| Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| Something (such as food) that naturally triggers a response |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| The naturally occuring response (such a salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| An acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| The increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus (CS) after a pause that follows extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical |
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Term
| Second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| Conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation. |
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Term
| Skinner box (operant chamber) |
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Definition
| A structure used to study operant learning in small animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The stengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weakening of a response by presenting a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weakening of a response by removing a typically pleaseant stimulus after the response. |
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Term
| Continuous reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs. |
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Term
| Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcement occurs for the first response made after a specific amount of time has passed. |
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Term
| Variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| An interval reinforcement schedule in which the timing of the reinforcer is varied around the average interval, making the actual appearance of the reinforcer unpredictable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ratio reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is provided after an average number of responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of guiding an organisim's behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sudden understanding of the solution to a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so. |
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Term
| Observational learning (modeling) |
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Definition
| Learning by observing the behavior of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| A social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals) |
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