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| cell body that contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells |
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| Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit information. -permit communication within the nervous system |
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| the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information |
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| a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons of to the muscles or glans |
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| insulation materials that encases some axons-speeds up transition of signals |
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| small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters.- the axon ends in a cluster of terminal buttons |
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| A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another- point which neurons interconnect. |
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| Information is revived at the dendrites, is passed through the soma and along the axon, and is transmitted to the dendrites of other cells at the meeting points called synapse |
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| Cells found through the nervous system that provides various types of support for neurons-supply nourishment, remove waste for neurons, and provide insulation around axon |
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| Stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive. |
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| a very brief shift in a neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon |
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| Absolute Refractory Period |
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| Minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin- 1 or 2 milliseconds |
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| Microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron- signals have to cross this gap |
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| Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another |
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| A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane. |
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| What causes postynaptic potential? |
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| When a neurotransmitter and a receptor molecule combine reactions in the cell membrane cause postynaptic potential |
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| A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postynaptic neuron will fire action potentials |
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| A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postynaptic neuron will fire action potentials |
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| A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane- allows synapses to recycle their materials |
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| What are the five key processes involved in communication at synapses |
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| 1.Synthesis and storage 2. release 3. binding 4. inactivation or removal 5. reputake of neurotransmitters |
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| The only transmitter between motor neurons and voluntary muscles |
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| A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter |
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| Chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter |
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| Internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects. |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| made up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system |
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| Made up of all those nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors |
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| Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body |
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| Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body |
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| Made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands- involuntary actions |
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| The branch of the automatic nervous system that mobilizes the bodys resources for emergencies. -fight-or-flight |
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| branch of the automatic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources -stores and saves energy |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| consists of the brain and the spinal cord |
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| involves destroying a piece of the brain |
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| Electrical Stimulation of the brain (ESB) |
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| involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate it. |
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| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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| technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain |
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| includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brain stem: medulla and the pons |
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| Attaches to the spinal cord -controls unconscious but essential functions. |
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| includes a bridge of fibers that connects the brain stem with the cerebellum - sleep and arousal |
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| relatively large and deeply folded structure located adjacent to the surface of the brain stem -coordination of movement and equilibrium. Plays a role in the execution of these commands but the actual commands come from a higher brain center |
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| Segment of the brain that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain. -vision |
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| Largest and most complex region of the brain, contains a verity of structures, thalamus, hypothalamus,limbic system, and cerebrum, |
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| structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortext, -made up of a number of clusters of somas -each cluster is concerned with relaying sensory information to a particular part of the cortext |
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| structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs -contains various clusters of cells |
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| A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortext and deeper subcortical areas. -pleasure center |
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| The convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum |
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| the right and left halves of the cerebrum -separated by a split (fissure) |
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| the major structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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| Occipital loab (back of head)(primary visual cortext) |
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| most visual signals sent here |
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| Parietal lobe (primary somatosensory cortext) |
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Definition
| receives signals form various regions of the body -involved in integrating visual input and monotering the bodys position in space |
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| temprol lobe (primary auditory cortext) |
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| frontal lobe (primary motor cortext) |
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| neurons that are activated by preforming and action or by seeing another monkey or person preform the same action -found in frontal and parietal lobes |
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| the formation of new neurons |
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| Parietal lobe (primary somatosensory cortext) |
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| Temprol lobe (primary auditory cortext) |
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| Forntal lobe (primary motor cortext) |
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| movement of muscles- effective control function |
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| neurons that are activated by preforming an action or by seeing another money or person preform the same action |
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| the formation of new neurons |
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| the bundle of fibers that connects the cerebral hemisphere (the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures |
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| Which hemisphere controls which side of the body? |
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| The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body |
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| What are the characteristics of the left hemisphere? |
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| usually better at tasks involving verbal processing, such as language, speech, reading, and writing. |
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| What are the characteristics of the right hemisphere? |
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| exhibits superiority on many tasks involving nonverbal processing, such as most spatial, musical, and visual recognitional tasks |
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| Consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functions |
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| chemical substances released by the endocrine glands |
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| releases a great variety of hormones that fan out within the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands (growth) |
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| a male sex hormone produced by the testes; woman secrete smaller amounts of testosterone from the adrenal cortex and ovary |
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Definition
| a male sex hormone produced by the testes; woman secrete smaller amounts of testosterone from the adrenal cortex and ovary |
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| threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information (makes up who we are) -every cell in humans contains 46. -operates in 23 pairs on from each parent |
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| DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. -operate in pairs on from each parent |
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| characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes |
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| researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait |
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| researchers assess hereditary influences by the comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait |
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| assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and their adoptive parents |
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| refers to the reproductive success (number of descendants) an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population (evolutionary theory) -variations in reproductive success are what really fuels evolutionary change |
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| Points that heritable characteristics that provide a survival of reproductive and advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics the be passed on to subsequent generations and thus they come to be "selected" overtime -works on population not individual organisms-can effect behavior |
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| an inherited characteristic that increased in a population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged -designed to improve organisms chances of reproductive success |
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