Term
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Definition
| initial detection & encoding of environmental energy |
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| organizing & interpreting sensations into meaningful experiences |
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Definition
| The very smallest amount of stimulus-energy required for an observer to reliably detect (51%) it. |
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Definition
| the receptive field of a sensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will change the firing rate of the attached ganglion |
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Term
| doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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Definition
| The quality of a sensation depends primarily on the nerve stimulated, and the stimulus itself only secondary |
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Definition
| refers to an increased intensity difference observed on either side of a dark/light border - caused by lateral inhibition |
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Definition
| defecit in which the subject's visual acuity is normal, but shape perception is distorted |
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Term
| non-accidental properties |
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Definition
| properties in an object in 2 dimensions that do not change as the viewer's perspective of the object changes |
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Definition
| inability to recognize faces |
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Definition
| for any 2-d projection (such as what we find in the retina) there are an **infinite number of 3-d environments ** which could give rise to that 2-d image |
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Definition
| as one moves through the environment, nearer stationary objects appear to move through the visual field faster than more distant objects |
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Definition
| an imaginary arc passing through the point of optical fixation; objects on the horopter fall on corresponding points on the two retinas |
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Definition
| the retinal image on the two eyes is slightly different in each. This difference provides an absolute depth cue. |
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Definition
| Two lights blinking on & off will, at the proper frequency, appear to be one moving light. |
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Definition
| a period of neural plasticity when particular environmental stimulation must be available for normal brain development |
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Definition
| pressure changes in a medium which are capable of being detected by auditory organs |
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Definition
| the set of all positions that could produce a particular time & intensity difference between the two ears. |
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Definition
| if someone says "ba" but their mouth movements are those of "ga" then "da" will be percieved |
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Term
| Phenomic Restoration Effect |
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Definition
| the auditory system fills in phonemes that are obscured by noise |
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Term
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Definition
| the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, alters the meaning of a word |
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Definition
| after being rotated, people experience paradoxical motion, in which the world is perceived to be spinning, but remains visually still |
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Definition
| reflexive eye movement that begins when the vestibular organs signal rotation about the body axis |
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Definition
| the skin temperature at which no thermal sensations are elicited (~91F in water) |
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Definition
| naturally occurring opiate-like chemicals that suppress pain |
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Definition
| a sensory system that responds to chemical irritants |
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Definition
| inability to detect certain smells |
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Definition
| chemicals released by one animal that cause behavioral reactions in another of the same species |
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Definition
| women who live together eventually have menstrual periods that all begin at the same time |
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Definition
| defecit in which shape perception is not distorted, but the subject still cannot recognize shapes |
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Term
| Whcih of Fechner's Methods for determining absolute threshold is this: various levels of stimuli/random order/ 50% correct = absolute threshold |
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Definition
| Method of constant simuli |
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Term
which of fechner's methods is this:
strong stimuli, build down til cannot be detected (and vice versa)/ repeat several times/ average of crossover points = absolute threshold |
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Definition
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Term
which of fechner's methods is this:
intensity of stimulus manipulated by subject until it can just barely be detected |
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Definition
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Term
| Two problems common to fechner's 3 methods for absolute threshold |
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Definition
1: observer could be lying
2: relies on observer's "opinion" which fouls results |
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Term
| Four main parts of a neuron & functions |
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Definition
soma (cell body): organelles & DNA
dendrites: input from other neurons
Axon: carries action potential to terminal buttons
Terminal buttons: output to next neuron in chain |
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Term
| Draw a labeled diagram showing the sequence of events at action potential |
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Definition
-70mv (resting potential)
-65mv (when action potential begins and Na+ channels open. NA + enters cell until...)
+50 mv (Na+ channels close, K+ channels open. K+ leaves cell, cell becomes more negatively charged.)
Also should show:Voltage (Y-axis) Time (X-axis) |
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Term
the fuctions of the:
-cornea
-iris
-lens |
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Definition
Cornea: primary refractive surface of the eye
iris: changes the size of the pupil to *regulate the amount of light entering the eye*
lens: allows adjustment to the focus of the eye |
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Term
advantages/disadvantages of a lens system:
advantages/disadvantages of a pinhole system: |
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Definition
lens: creates a very bright image, but can be out of focus
pinhole: cannot be out of focus, but images created are too dim for effective vision |
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Term
| main similarities & differences between rods & cones: |
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Definition
Similarities:
-both have photopigments
-both at the back of the retina
-both hyperpolarize in response to light
diff:
- rods = most sensitive Cones = less
-rods=many Cones = few
-rod=pigments regenerate slowly cone=much faster |
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Term
Draw diagram showing the response of an on-center off-surround ganglion cell to
1. Diffuse illumination
2. center-only illumination
3. illumination only in the surround
4.darkness. |
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Definition
(- (+) )
think of light in the outer area (the - area) SLOWING the firing rate of the cell | | | | | to | | | | |
and light in the CENTER area (the +) increasing the firing rate of the cell
| | | | | to: ||||||||.
the rest should be simple reasoning. (Darkness: no change / diffuse: + and - cancel each other out, so no change / light-center: increased firing rate / light-surround: slowed firing rate) |
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Term
| names & properties of 3 kinds of ganglion cell |
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Definition
P-Cells : Form & color
M- Cells: depth, motion & simple light detection
k- cells: code overall level of illumination |
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Term
| three types of cells in v1 & what they're responsible for |
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Definition
Simple: Respond to bar shapes at a particlar location orientation
Complex: Respond to bar shapes at a particular location, orientation and velocity
End-Stopped: respond to bars that at a particular location, orientation and length (detecting corners |
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Term
| Explain the Young-Helmolz theory of color perception: |
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Definition
| posits that there are three different types of color receptor - each responding MAXIMALLY to one different wavelength, but having SOME response to all (visible) wavelengths. |
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Term
| Explain Hering's opponent process theory: |
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Definition
Our eye has three different types of receptors: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, Black-White
Each receptor is excited by one member of the pair and inhibited by the other |
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Term
| Between Young-Helmholz and Hering's Opponnent Process theories, which is correct? |
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Definition
Both are correct.
Cones respond as Young-Helmholz predict
Ganglions respond as Hering predicts |
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Term
How do people with dichromatism respond in color matching experiments (relative to people with normal vision)?
How do people with anomalous trichromatism respond to color matching experiments (relative to people with normal vision)? |
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Definition
Dichromats need only two lights to match any pure wavelength light
Anomalous trichromats need three lights, but their matches will look different to people with normal vision. (while Anomalous trichromats can't tell the difference) |
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Term
| purpose of circuit that creates mach bands: |
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Definition
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Term
| Procedure, Results and Significance of Ungerlieder and Mishkin experiments: |
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Definition
Procedure (& results):
-IT pathway ablated in one group of monkeys, PP pathway ablated in a second group
-Object Recognition task [differentiating shapes] (IT monkeys failed / PP monkeys could)
-spatial location task [find object relative to another], (PP monkeys failed while IT monkeys could.)
Significance:
-Showed the Dorsal Pathway (PP) codes location (the 'where' pathway)
Showed the Ventral (IT) pathway codes identity (the 'what' pathway) |
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Term
| Steps (5) in the object-recognition process according to RBC: |
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Definition
1. Edges are extracted from the image
2. Image edges are separated into parts, and simultaneously, non-accidental properties are determined
3. Geons are Identified
4. Relations among Geons are Determined
5. Best match in memory is found |
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Term
| Four categories of depth cues: |
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Definition
Oculomotor cues
Binocular disparity
Pictorial cues
Motion-produced cues |
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Term
| If an image in the two eyes is inwardly displaced from the corresponding retinal points, it is: |
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Definition
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Term
| if an image is outwardly displaced from the corresponding retinal points it is: |
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Definition
| Further than the horopter |
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Term
| Two causes of stereo blindness: |
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Definition
Infantile strabisumus (lazy eye in infancy)
some genetic disorder |
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Term
| 1.Reasons (3) why stereo vision is not as important to perception as the other depth cues: |
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Definition
Stereo blind people make it through life without even realizing it, most times
at long distances (100ft+) stereopsis isn't even useful, because retinal disparity at that range is miniscule
stereopsis is irrelevant to object recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of the moon illusion that says the moon appears smaller when the head is tilted up than when held parallel to the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| The earth's terrain causes the moon to look further away, and thus bigger when at the horizon. |
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Term
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Definition
certain kinds of cells on the retina and some distance apart from each other, will, when stimulated at a particular delay interval, excite a complex cell.
The phi effect simulates this pattern of stimulation. |
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Term
| cause of the autokinetic effect |
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Definition
when fixating the light, eye muscles become tired.
To compensate for this, the brain must send abnormally strong signals to muscles in the eye to continue fixation.
These signals are the same as would be required to track a moving object, so the brain assumes the light is moving. |
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Term
Illusion causes:
1. Poggendorf
2. Wundt-Hering
3. Ponzo
4. Ames window |
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Definition
1. Poggendorf: Combination of blur by the optic media, retinal lateral inhibition , & processing strategies
2. Wundt-Hering: Seems to be a large number of Poggendorff illusions
3. Ponzo: Linear perspective & texture gradients make the top bar look further away, & thus bigger
4.Ames Window: The retinal image is consistent with both a) a trapezoidal window rotating 360, b) a rectangular window flipping directions every 180.
Since we're used to seeing rectangular windows, the brain prefers that interpretation. |
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Term
| Anatomical problem that lead to astigmatism: |
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Definition
| Lack of a spherical cornea |
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Term
| anatomical problems that lead to presbyopia: |
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Definition
| hardening of the lens & weakening of the ciliary muscles |
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Term
| In the lines of the eyechart, each line is expressed as a fraction. What do the numerators and denominators of these fractions mean? |
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Definition
# in numerator: Distance (in feet) at which the test was (should be) conducted.
# in denominator: Distance (in Ft) at which the critical feature (gap in the letter 'C') of the test symbol covers one minute of visual angle |
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Term
| cause & treatments (2) of Glaucoma |
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Definition
cause: ganglion cell death caused by increased pressure on the blood vessels serving the retina, which is in turn caused by problems draining the aqueous humor.
Treatment:
Drugs that either remove blockage of the aqueous humor drains or decrease production of the humor.
Surgery if the drugs fail. |
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Term
| cause & treatment of detached retina: |
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Definition
Cause: Photoreceptors become detached from the pigment epithelium
Treatment: purposeful injury of the eye to create scar tissue that locks the retina into place |
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Term
| Cause (3) & treatments (2) of Cataracts: |
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Definition
Causes: Congenital defect, acquired by injury/disease, old age
treatments: artificial implants, or lens removal & cataract spectacles |
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Term
Units for measuring sound frequency?
Amplitude? |
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Definition
Frequency (Hz) The number of times a wave repeats itself.
Amplitude (dB): Difference between the atmospheric pressure & the maximum pressure exerted by the sound wave |
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Term
| what are the psychological correlates for frequency and amplitude? |
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Definition
Frequency = Pitch
Amplitude = Loudness |
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Term
| Structures of the outer ear (3) |
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Definition
| pinna, meatus, tympanic membrane |
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Term
| Two functions of the Ossicles: |
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Definition
1. Amplify tympanic vibrations
2. Protect the inner ear from loud sounds |
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Term
| Explain Von Beckesey's Place Theory of frequency perception |
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Definition
| different locations on the basiliar membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies; the hair cells being stimulated with the greatest amount of vibration indicate the frequency. |
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Term
| Explain Rutherford's Frequency Theory of frequency perception |
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Definition
The basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the stimulus.
Every time the basilar membrane vibrates, it causes an action potential in the auditory nerve.
So, then, the firing rate of the auditory nerve should indicate the frequency of the stimulus. |
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Term
| how was the conflict between Von Beckesey's Place Theory and Rutherford's Frequency theory resolved? |
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Definition
below 1000hz, rutherford's theory is used
Above 5000 hz von beckesey's is used
between, both are accurate. |
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Term
What happens when two separate tones are played simultaneously, and: 1) The tones are separated by 1-15Hz
2) The tones are separated by more than 15Hz, but less than the critical bandwidth
3) the tones are separated by more than the critical bandwidth |
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Definition
1) A tone midway between the presented tones is perceived, which oscillates in loudness at the same frequency as the absolute value of the difference in frequency between the tones (the "beats" phenomenon)
2)A single tone, midway in frequency between the presented tones that sounds "rough"
3) two separate tones |
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Term
| List two monaural cues for localizing sounds: |
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Definition
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Term
| When is inter-aural intensity difference most effective for localizing sounds |
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Definition
| High frequency sound (because higher frequencies are more affected by obstructions) |
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Term
| three pieces of evidence that speech is special relative to perception of other sounds: |
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Definition
1)Speech is perceived more categorically than other sounds (ie Voice Onset Time Experiments)
2) Visual Stimulation effects speech reception (McGurk illusion)
3)Top-Down information affects speech perception (ex: speech is actually continuous, but we hear it separated into words) |
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Term
| similarities between speech perception and object recognition: |
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Definition
| In speech production a few phonetic features combine to create phonemes, which, in their *proper relations* are used to recognize words in object recognition the same is true for non-accidental properties: geons : objects |
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Term
| function of the semicircular canals: |
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Definition
| to register rotary acceleration |
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Term
| cause of motion sickness: |
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Definition
| a dissociation between visual & vestibular information |
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Term
| evolutionary purpose of motion sickness: |
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Definition
| motion sickness is a by-product of selection to avoid food poisoning, as a side effect of food poisoning is a dissociation between vision & vestibular system |
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Term
| three causes of differential sensitivity to touch of various body parts: |
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Definition
1) sensitive areas have a higher density of pressure sensitive neurons than less sensitive areas
2) sensitive areas have receptors with smaller receptive fields than...
3)more area devoted in the somatosensory cortex for sensitive regions |
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Term
| what two health problems do people with congenital analgesia commonly experience? |
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Definition
1) childhood injuries
2) develop severe joint damage |
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Term
| draw the spinal gate control theory Diagram : |
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Definition
Central Stimulation +> SG
L-Fibers +> Sg and +> T-Cell
S-Fibers ->sg and +> T-cell
Sg -> T-cell
T-cell > Pain output to brain
(card insufficient for this, although connections and valence are indicated) |
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Term
| to what sort of stimuli to the S-fibers and L-fibers respond? |
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Definition
L-Fibers: Pressure & Sharp Pain
S-Fibers: Sustained & aching pain |
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Term
| how do endorphins reduce pain? |
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Definition
| appear to stimulate the L-Fibers, thus inhibiting pain transmission |
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Term
| to what temperature range can the skin adapt? |
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Definition
| between 61 and 180f (in water) |
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Term
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Definition
| a very warm stimulus (~122F) can elicit a cold sensation when applied to an area of the skin that responds only to cold |
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Term
| where are common chemical sense (think, onions) receptors found: |
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Definition
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Cornea |
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Term
| what's the chief challenge in studying smell? |
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Definition
| no adequate system of describing smells has been devised |
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Term
| explain the stereochemical theory of smell perception: |
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Definition
| (Lock & Key) - olfactory receptors respond to molecules of a specific shape & size |
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Term
| two problems with stereochemical theory: |
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Definition
1) each olfactory cell actually seems to respond to a variety of different chemicals
2) the relationship between molecule shape and odor is not as strong as the theory predicts |
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Term
| how does chromatographic theory predict odor quality is coded? |
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Definition
| By the regions of the mucosa being stimulated by a chemical; as different chemicals should spread across the mucosa in different ways |
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Term
| what was the significance of the study by Engen & Ross (1973)? |
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Definition
| Showed that smells associations (vs sight) are more difficult to encode, but more easy to retrieve |
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Term
| five primary tastes (incl. chemical producing & evolutionary function): |
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Definition
1) sweet; complex organic molecules; sweet foods provide energy
2) bitter; alkaloids; poison detection
3) salty; simple 0ph molecules; detects sodium, an essential nutrient
4)sour; acidic substances; indicates bacterial composition
5)umami; glutemates; encourages meat-eating |
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Term
where can we find taste buds?
in what manner do they respond chemicals? |
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Definition
tongue
inner cheeks
pallate
throat
Each taste bud responds most vigorously to its primary taste (sweet, sour, etc), but somewhat to all tastes |
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Term
| effects of MSG and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on taste perception? |
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Definition
MSG: increases sensitivity to salt and sweet
Na lau-sulf: reduces sweet & bitter sensitivity |
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Term
| how does aging affect flavor perception? |
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Definition
smell deteriorates before taste,
sensitivity to salt & sweet decreases more than sour & bitter |
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Term
| what temperature range is peak taste sensitivity? |
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Definition
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