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| Exteroceptive Sensory System |
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| auditory, somatosensory(touch), olfactory(smell), and gustatory(taste) systems. |
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| receptors-->thalamic nuclei-->primary sensory cortex-->secondary sensory cortex-->association cortex |
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| process of stimulus detection |
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| higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting patterns of sensations |
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vibrations of air molecules. Humans can hear between 20 and 20,000hertz.
-sounds heard are a mixture of amplitude, frequency, and complexity |
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| math procedure for breaking down complex waves down into their component sine waves. |
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| Tympanic Membrane(eardrum) |
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| sound waves travel down the auditory canal and cause it to vibrate |
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| the three small bones in the middle ear. malleus(the hammer), incus(the anvil) and stapes(the stirrup) |
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| using semicircular canals, the vestibular system carries information about the direction and intensity of head movements, which helps us maintain balance |
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| lead to superior olives, project via the lateral lemniscus, to the inferior colliculi project to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus. which THEN go to the primary auditory cortex |
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| respond to slight differences in time of arrival to the two ears |
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| respond to differences in amplitude |
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-250million suffer from disabling hearing impairments
- total deafness occurs in 1% of hearing impaired individuals |
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| ringing in the ears when an ear is damaged |
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1)Exteroceptive-->senses external stimuli applied to skin
2)Proprioceptive system-->monitors info about body position, joins and balance
3)Interoceptive system-->general info, temperature, blood pressure |
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Definition
1)free nerve ending-neuron ending with no specialized structure
2)Pacinian corpuscles-"onionlike" largest and deepest,adapt to rapid displacement of skin
3)Merkel's disk-small, adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin stretch
4)Ruffini endings- larger, deeper, also slow to adapt |
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| identifying objects by touch |
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| Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus |
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Definition
| carries information about touch and proprioception |
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| carries information about pain and temperature |
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| are the longest neurons in the body |
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| are the longest neurons in the body |
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| the little man depicting how much of the sensory cortex is dedicated to each body part |
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| Primary somatosory cortex is where... |
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Definition
| central fissure. little man |
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| inability to recognize things by touch |
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| failure to recognize ones own body parts. "Anosognosia"- failure to recognize ones own symptoms |
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| tendency to not respond to stimuli that are contralateral to right-hemisphere injury |
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| Anterior Cingulate Cortex |
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| cortical area that has been most frequently linked to pain experience |
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| Adaptiveness, Lack of clear cortical representation of pain, descending pain control |
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| resistance to pain 1)periaqueductal gray(PAG) has analgesic effects. 2)PAG had special receptors for opiate analgesics 3)internally produced opiates, endorphins |
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| severe chronic pain in the absense of recognizable pain stimulus |
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| smell and taste. olfaction and gustation |
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| chemicals that influence the physiology and behavior of conspecifics(others of same species) |
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-olfactory mucosa, dendrites in nasal passage
-pass through porous portion of the skull and enter olfactory bulbs wehre they then enter the brain |
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| area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala. PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX |
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| clusters of about 50. located around papillae. |
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| the fifth type of taste, meaty or savory |
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| the fifth type of taste, meaty or savory |
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-Inability to smell
-inability to taste |
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-improves perception of stimuli that are its focus
-it interferes with the perception of stimuli not in focus |
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| Cocktail-party Phenomenon |
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| being able to be immersed in one conversation, blocking out everything else. until the mention of your name, immediately getting your attention |
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| difficulty in visually attending to more than one object at a time |
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