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| hypothetical states (not seen or measured directly) that move a person towards a goal or need |
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| states not seen or measured directly |
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| a condition of arousal that is associated with a need when it arises |
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| unlearned drives associated with natural, biological needs such as hunger and thirst |
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a. evolutionary perspective
b. drive reduction and homeostasis
c. humanistic theory |
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we are prewired to seek certain goals and needs
component of this theory is instincts |
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| inherited disposition for specific behaviors that are intended to meet certain goals |
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| we strive to eliminate or decrease the amount of arousal (drive) we feel when there is no need or goal, so we engage in behaviors that help to alleviate or acquire the need or goal; this helps us return to homeostasis |
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primary drives- those associated with basic biological states such as hunger, thirst, pain, etc
acquired drives- those associated with secondary or artificial states of need such as social approval, money, cars, etc |
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| those associated with basic biological states such as hunger, thirst, pain, etc |
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| those associated with secondary or artificial states of need such as social approval, money, cars, etc |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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| believed we progress towards higher psychological needs once basic survival needs are met |
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feeling states that have cognitive behavioral and psychological components
involves the arousal of the nervous system |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
-active when it spends energy
-accelerated states
-e.g. nervous, anxious, high blood pressure, faster heart rate, fear |
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| examples of accelerated states |
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| nervous, anxious, high blood pressure, faster heart rate, fear |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
-active when it restores or reserves energy
-relaxed states
-e.g. sadness, grief, low blood pressure, slower heart rate, depression |
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| two forms of emotional expression |
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| direct forms of communication |
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-verbalizations; verbal declaration (e.g. I love you!)
-sound expressions (e.g. Yeah!) |
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| examples of sound expressions |
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| yeah! cool! fuck! shit! no! |
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| indirect forms of communication |
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Definition
-body language (e.g. rolling your eyes)
-facial feedback hypothesis: view that stereotypical facial expressions can contribute to feeling stereotypical emotions (e.g. a smile or a frown) |
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| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| view that stereotypical facial expressions can contribute to feeling stereotypical emotions (e.g. a smile or a frown) |
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| believed that a situation leads to a specific behavioral response, which then caused a feeling/emotion |
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| believed that a situation causes a response and a feeling/emotion at the same time |
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it is our perception and interpretation of specific situations that cause us to experience a feeling/emotion;
the level of intensity of our emotional arousal then also depends on our perception and interpretation of the situation |
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