Term
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Definition
| the first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Theory (birth - 2) - mental activity and schemas confined to sensory functions, develops object permanence towards end of period |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's second stage (2-7) - highly egocentric, lack conservation (2-4) begin to understand, create, and use symbols, (4-7) begin to make intuitive guesses about the world, cannot differentiate between reality and imagination |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
| Piaget's third stage (7-11) - ability to conserve numbers and amounts, appearances no longer domiate thinking, can use simple logic, can perform simple mental operations, can reason only about current reality, not possibility |
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Definition
| Piaget's fourth and final stage (over 11) - can think logically about abstract ideas, can engage in hypothetical thinking, can think logically and systematically about symbols and prepositions, questions social institutions, thinks about what the world might and ought to be |
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Term
| Piaget's Philosophy about the four stages of cognitive theory |
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Definition
| There are significant shifts with age in children's thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| generalizations based on experience that form the basic units of knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of modifying schemas when familiar schemas don't work |
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Definition
| the process of trying out existing schemas on objects that fit those schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| the knowledge that objects exist, even when they are not in view |
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Definition
| the ability to recognize that the important properties of a substance remain constant despite changes in shape, length, or position |
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Definition
| the idea that everyone looks at it my way, everybody sees what I see |
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Definition
| Kohlberg's stages of moral development(combination of stages 1 and 2) - moral judgments in this stage tend to be selfish (1) - obeying to avoid punishment (2) - making a fair exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's stages of moral development (combination of stages 3 and 4) - morality consists of following rules and conventions (3) - pleasing others/ gaining approval (4) - following rules/ social order |
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Term
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Definition
| Kohlberg's stages of moral development (combination of stages 5 and 6) - moral judgments based on personal standards/universal principles (5) - respecting rules, but seeing their limitations (6) - following universal ethical principles |
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Term
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Definition
| He had two Hypotheses 1) food brings attachment, 2) contact comfort brings attachment. From his study with monkeys, he observed that more often than not, 2 proved to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| First Stage of Prenatal Development (conception - 2 weeks) (germinal stage) rapid cell division is the main development occuring |
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Term
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Definition
| Second Stage of Prenatal Development (2 weeks - 8 weeks) (embryonic stage)development is physical in nature (heart, nervous system, stomach, esophagus, and ovaries/testes)most succeptable to teratogens in this stage of development |
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Term
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Definition
| Third Stage of Prenatal Development (8 weeks - birth) (3 months, kicks, makes a fist, turns head, opens mouth, swallows, and frowns) (6 months, eyelids open) (7 months, all organs are developed, but not yet mature) (8-9 months, respond to light, touch, and sound) |
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Term
| Characteristics of High Quality Daycare |
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Definition
| low child/teacher ratio, accredidation |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| A pattern of adverse and disruptive reactions following a traumatic event. Symptoms include: anxiety, irritability, jumpiness; flashbacks; nightmares and vivid memories |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychological specialty that documents the course of social, emotional, moral, and intellectual development over the life span |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others |
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Term
| Teratogens and their impact |
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Definition
| Harmful substances that can cause birth defects. Some examples are rubella, drugs, alcohol, and smoking. Smoking can cause infants to have respiratory problems,irritability and social attention problems. Fetal alcohol syndrome is especially dangerous, it can lead to mental and physical defects in infants. |
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Term
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Definition
| If the teratogen is exposed to the developing baby in the embryonic stage, it can lead to physical birth defects (limbs etc.) If it is exposed during the fetal stage it will affect the babies size, behavior, intelligence and health. |
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Term
| Vygotsky and what he emphasized |
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Definition
| developed the process of inner speech vs. outer speech, where young children may only be able to think out loud. He stresses the importance of social interaction in cognitive development. |
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Term
| Erickson's first year of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| trust vs. mistrust (infants learn to trust that their needs will be taken care of by the world, or they learn to mistrust the world) |
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Term
| Erikson's second year of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| autonomy vs. shame and doubt (children learn that they can make their own choices and control themselves, or they learn to doubt their ability) |
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Term
| Erikson's third to fifth year of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| initiative vs. guilt (children learn to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishments, if they are not allowed initiative, they feel guilty about attempts at independence) |
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Term
| Erikson's sixth year through puberty of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| industry vs. inferiority (children either develop a curiosity and eagerness to learn or they feel inferior, losing interest in the task before them) |
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Term
| Erikson's adolescence of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| identity vs. role confusion (see themselves as unique and integrated with an ideology or become confused about what they want) |
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Term
| Erikson's early adulthood of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| Intimacy vs. isolation ( either commited to another person or feel isolated, cut off from the world) |
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Term
| Erikson's middle age of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| generativity vs. stagnation (willing to have and care for children/ be devoted to work and common good or become self-centered and inactive) |
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Term
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Definition
| integrity vs. despair (either assuring reflection on a meaningful life, ready to face death with dignity, or despair for unaccomplished goals, failures, and ill-spent lives) |
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Term
| The four parenting styles (1) |
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Definition
| Authoritative (high control, high acceptance; friendly, cooperative, self-reliant, socially responsible children) |
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Term
| The four parenting styles (2) |
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Definition
| Authoritarian (high control, low acceptance; unfriendly, withdrawn, distrustful children) |
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Term
| The four parenting styles (3) |
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Definition
| Permissive (low control, high acceptance; immature, dependent, unhappy children) |
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Term
| The four parenting styles (4) |
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Definition
| Uninvolved (low control, low acceptance; impulsive, aggressive, non-compliant, moody children) |
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Term
| How to help children from poverty |
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Definition
| encourage problem-solving, grant access to computers. Also, extra lessons, home visits, and contact with sensitive adults |
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Term
| The numbers of children from poverty who remain in school |
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Definition
| 3 1/2 times more likely to drop out |
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Term
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Definition
| a quality allowing children to develop normally in spite of severe environmental risk factors |
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Term
| recognizing signs of alzheimer's |
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Definition
| excessive daytime sleeping, decreased word finding, personality and mood changes, decreased emotional expression, depression/anxiety, inability to correctly use objects (apractagnosia), |
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Term
| Approximately how many people are impacted with Alzheimer's by 85? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiating between 'normal' aging and dementia/alzheimer's |
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Definition
| normal aging brings several limitations but dementia (close family members more concerned than patient, frequent word-finding pauses and substitutions, lost in familiar territory, unable to operate common appliances) |
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Term
| Eyesenck's personality model |
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Definition
| his model is based on introversion and extraversion, along with emotional vs. stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations. |
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Term
| Humanistic personality model |
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Definition
| the view that personality develops throughh an actualizing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person's unique perceptions of the world. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic personality model |
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Definition
| Freud's view that personality is based on the interplay of unconscious mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a field in which psychologists conduct and apply research aimed at promoting human health and preventing illness |
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Term
| The Process of Stress (1) |
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Definition
| Stressors - life changes and strains, catastrophic events, acute stressors, daily hassles, chronic stressors |
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Term
| The Process of Stress (2) |
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Definition
| Stress mediators - cognitive appraisal, predictability, control, coping resources and methods, social support |
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Term
| The Process of Stress (3) |
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Definition
| Stress responses - physical, psychological, emotional, cognitive, behavioral |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| a three-stage pattern of responses triggered by the effort to adapt to any stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| carefully observed humans and other animals leading to the suggestion that physical responses to stress occur in a consistent pattern and are triggered by the effort to adapt to any stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| A gradually intensifying pattern of physical, psychological, and behavioral dysfunction in response to a continuous flow of stressors. |
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Term
| Unpredictable stressors and the perception of control |
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Definition
| If stressors are predictable/ if you feel like you have control of the situation, they tend to have a less severe effect than if you feel like you have lost control, or if they are a surprise stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts to alter or eliminate a source of stress |
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Term
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Definition
| aimed at regulating the negative emotional consequences of the stressor |
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Term
| psychological responses to stress |
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Definition
| Alarm stage - version of fight or flight, Resistance stage - slow drain of adaptive energy, Exhaustion stage - physical wear and tear |
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Term
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Definition
| mature in bone marrow, they produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| mature in the thymus, they kill other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells, which aid the body's immune system |
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Term
| Changing health behaviors: stages of readiness |
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Definition
1)Precontemplation - person does not see the need to change
2)contemplation - aware that change is necessary
3)preparation - strong intention to change and plans are made to do so
4)action - person is engaging in behavior change
5)maintenance - behavior change has continued for at least 6 months |
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Term
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Definition
| the unconscious portion of personality that contains basic impulses and urges |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the personality that mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world |
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Term
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Definition
| the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do |
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Term
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Definition
| unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable |
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Term
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Definition
| unconsciously attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person |
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Term
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Definition
| defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them |
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Term
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Definition
| converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps expressing them symbolically |
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Term
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Definition
| deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one |
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Term
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Definition
| simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears |
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Term
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Definition
Pros: respondents are less likely to be able to guess what the "correct" answer is an often times brings to light subconscious thoughts
Cons: cannot be measured scientifically because interpretation is up to the psychiatrist |
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Term
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Definition
Pros: can be measure scientifically by the score assigned
Cons: because responses have to fit a set standard of options there is limited ability to see the full range of personality and emotion |
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Term
| Philosophy of humanistic psychology |
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Definition
| Focused on what sets humans apart from other creatures, self-awareness, creativity, planning, decision making, and responsibility. Understanding another's view of the world is essential |
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Term
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Definition
| a field of research on the interaction of psychological, social, behavioral, neural, hormonal, and immune system processes that affect the body's defenses against disease |
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Term
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Definition
| he developed attachment theory: the idea that children form a close attachment to their earliest caregiveers and that this attachment pattern can affect aspects of the children's later life |
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