Term
|
Definition
| How close to an object you need to be to see it. |
|
|
Term
| What is your scotoma and what is another name for it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a blind person has intact perceptual judgements. |
|
|
Term
| What can transcranial magnetic stimulation do? |
|
Definition
| It can legion the brain temporarily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Height of a sound/light wave.
Higher = brighter/louder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purity => richness of colour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Timbre => complexity of a sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Distance between peaks of light waves.
*high(long distance) wavelength = low frequency
*shortest(humans)= 360 nanometers(violet)
*longest(humans) = 750 nanometers(red) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
# of times in a sec a wave makes one cycle from one peak to the next
*high frequency = high pitched sound |
|
|
Term
| What is the order in which light is focused? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the pupil if there is too much light? |
|
Definition
| It constricts or becomes tiny. |
|
|
Term
| What does the lens do to images? |
|
Definition
| It causes them to land on the retina upside down and reversed from left to right. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the changes in the shape of lens. It's only effective for 2 meters. |
|
|
Term
| What do photoreceptors do? |
|
Definition
| They transform light into neural signals that the brain can read. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the shape of the lens if an object is far? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the shape of the lens if an object is close? |
|
Definition
| It becomes rounder(fatter). |
|
|
Term
| What controls the size of the pupil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the pupil if there is too little light? |
|
Definition
| It dilates or becomes bigger. |
|
|
Term
| What is action blindsight? |
|
Definition
| It is when a blind person can see the location of objects or types of movement. |
|
|
Term
| What is attention blindsight? |
|
Definition
| When a blind person can see that something has moved. |
|
|
Term
| What is fundamental tone in regards to timbre? |
|
Definition
| When a sound vibrates as a whole. |
|
|
Term
| What is overtone in regards to timbre? |
|
Definition
| When a sound vibrates in shorter segments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saturated light is pure and it only includes one wavelength. |
|
|
Term
| What is desaturated light? |
|
Definition
| Desaturated light is white and it includes many wavelengths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cones are used for day vision and they have good visual acuity. |
|
|
Term
| What do you use when you're staring straight at something? Rods or cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They don't work in dim environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rods are used for night vision and they have poor visual acuity. |
|
|
Term
| What do you use when staring to one side? rods or cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You're eyes need time to get used to the dark because there are few photopigments ready to react to light. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to photopigments when light is absorbed? |
|
Definition
| They are split and then recombined. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to photopigments after they are recombined? |
|
Definition
| There is a brief period of time where they can't react to light. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when photopigments are exposed to bright light? |
|
Definition
| The rate of splitting exceeds recombining which leaves you blind. |
|
|
Term
| How many photopigments are there for each photoreceptors? |
|
Definition
| There are 4(1 for rods, 3 for cones) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when light hits the center of the receptive field? |
|
Definition
| The cell is excited and there is an increasing in firing of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when light hits the surrounding area of the receptive field? |
|
Definition
| The cell is inhibited and there is an decrease in firing of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when light hits both the center and surround of the receptive field? |
|
Definition
| It cancels out and the cell fires at normal. |
|
|
Term
| What is lateral inhibition? |
|
Definition
| When a light is stimulated by light it sends signals to brain as well as to neighbouring cells which inhibits their activation and makes the edges easier to detect. |
|
|
Term
| What is the optic chiasm? |
|
Definition
| It's where the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye crosses over to the opposite. |
|
|
Term
| What does the right side of the optic chiasm control? |
|
Definition
| It controls the inner right and outer left vision fields. |
|
|
Term
| What does the left side of the optic chiasm control? |
|
Definition
| It controls the inner left and outer right vision fields. |
|
|
Term
| What does the 2nd pathway involving the superior colliculus do? |
|
Definition
| It coordinates vision with other senses, localizes objects and helps to guide movements. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first(main) pathway of vision? |
|
Definition
| It is the LGN to the visual cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What does the magnocellular pathway/cells do? |
|
Definition
| It processes movement information |
|
|
Term
| What does the parvocellular pathway/cells do? |
|
Definition
| It processes colour and form information. |
|
|
Term
| How are the 6 LGN layers organized? |
|
Definition
| They are organized equally for each eye, 3 each. They are organized 4 for parvocellular, 2 for magnocellular. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is organized topographically, neighbouring locations in the retina project to neghbouring locations in V1. |
|
|
Term
| What is the dorsal stream? |
|
Definition
| It's the 'where' stream. It processes location of sound as well as depth, motion and location of visual objects. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ventral stream? |
|
Definition
| It is the 'what' stream. It processes sound recognition as well as colour and form of visual objects. |
|
|
Term
| What type of eyes do worms and jellyfish have? |
|
Definition
| They have a light sensitive patch. |
|
|
Term
| What do curved(cup) eyes have? |
|
Definition
| They have direction detection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They have focusing, accomodation and visual input from different species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are eyes that have many signals put together from each ommatidum. It can detect movement at close distances. |
|
|
Term
| What cost is there to having an eye? |
|
Definition
| There is the growing and maintaining. |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of having an eye? |
|
Definition
| avoid predators, easy to find food, shelter and mate |
|
|
Term
| How does the brightness of slit pupils compare to circular? |
|
Definition
| Slit pupils are 10x brighter. |
|
|
Term
| Why would an animal have vertically slit pupils? |
|
Definition
| If they needed to know what was happening above or below them. |
|
|
Term
| Why would an animal have horizontally slit pupils? |
|
Definition
| If they needed to know what was happening on the horizon. |
|
|
Term
| What does a wider daylight pupil do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do narrower photoreceptors do? |
|
Definition
| They give more detail of the image. |
|
|
Term
| What does the built-in optic trick that hawks have do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do laterally directed eyes have? |
|
Definition
| They have 2 separate fields of view and poor depth perception. |
|
|
Term
| What do front facing eyes have? |
|
Definition
| They have narrow fields of view and good depth perception. |
|
|
Term
| What has to happen for eyes to become fully functional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are formed at second month of prenatal(fetus). |
|
|
Term
| What happens to eyes at 6 month of prenatal? |
|
Definition
| They begin to react to light and there is random firing of cells. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to an infant's eyes at 3 months ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to a child's eyes at 4 years? |
|
Definition
| It has adult-like retinal cells. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to a child's eyes at 11 years? |
|
Definition
| The eye have reached it's mature state. |
|
|
Term
| When do children reach adult acuity? |
|
Definition
| They reach it at 4-6 years. |
|
|
Term
| How does a newborn's visual acuity compare to an adult's visual acuity? |
|
Definition
| Newborns can see at 20ft what adults can see at 600ft. |
|
|
Term
| How does a 6 month's visual acuity compare to an adult's visual acuity? |
|
Definition
| Newborns can see at 20ft what adults can see at 100ft. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surfaces reflect certain wavelengths that trigger patterns of response in our brains. |
|
|
Term
| What species of animals have colour vision? |
|
Definition
| birds, fish, reptiles, insects and primates |
|
|
Term
| What species of animals can see colours that humans can't? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nectar maps are patterns that some flowers have that only bees have. |
|
|
Term
| What are primary colours? |
|
Definition
| The 3 colours that can make every colour in the visual spectrum.(red, blue, yellow) |
|
|
Term
| What is subtractive colour mixing? |
|
Definition
| It's when some wavelengths are absorbed and others are reflected. Ex. to see blue every wavelength is being absorbed except blue. |
|
|
Term
| What is additive colour mixing? |
|
Definition
| Coloured lights add their wavelength to the mixture as opposed to subtracting. |
|
|
Term
| What is the trichromatic theory? |
|
Definition
| 3 cones/receptors(red, blue, green) that are each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. |
|
|
Term
| What is the opponent-process theory? |
|
Definition
| Each colour receptor is made up of a pair of opponent colour processes and can only be in one of two states.(blue-yellow/green-red/bright-dim) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is when you stare at a neutral colour for a period of time and then stare somewhere else and you will see it's complementary colour. |
|
|
Term
| What is considered high resolution? |
|
Definition
| When one cone is transmitting to one ganglion cell and there is a small receptive field. |
|
|
Term
| What is considered low resolution? |
|
Definition
| When many cones are being transmitted to one ganglion cell and there is a large receptive field. |
|
|
Term
| What do CO blobs respond to and what do their receptive fields look like? |
|
Definition
| CO blobs respond only to colour and their receptive fields are the same as cells. |
|
|
Term
| What causes colour blindness? |
|
Definition
| It is caused by injury to colour detecting regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is when an individual has no red cone which makes them red-green colour blind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is when an individual has no green cone which makes them red-green colour blind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is when an individual has no blue cone which makes them blue-yellow colour blind. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two binocular cues? |
|
Definition
| convergence and retinal disparity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our eyes turn inwards to fixate on a point. It doesn't work if the object is too far away. |
|
|
Term
| What is retinal disparity with regards to binocular cues? |
|
Definition
| Seeing two different scenes with each eye. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two motion cues? |
|
Definition
| motion parallax and optic flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Objects are close speed by faster than objects farther away. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Objects closer move and change more in size than objects farther away. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 pictorial cues? |
|
Definition
| interposition, relative size, linear perspective, aerial perspective, shading and elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an object blocks another it is perceived as being infront. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two objects are the same shape, the larger one will seem closer. |
|
|
Term
| What is linear perspective? |
|
Definition
| Something is parallel but it appears to converge at a single point on the horizon. |
|
|
Term
| What is aerial perspective? |
|
Definition
| Objects farther away have fewer details. Also called texture and haze. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tells us what part of the object is close. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How far away an object is by how close it is to the horizon.(closer = farther away) |
|
|
Term
| What type of eyes do prey have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cues do side facing eyes provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of eyes do predators have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cues do front facing eyes provide? |
|
Definition
| Both binocular and monocular cues. |
|
|
Term
| What does retinal disparity do? |
|
Definition
| Groups together features/objects that are at the same distance. It allows us to detect camouflage. |
|
|
Term
| What does the visual cliff experiment prove? |
|
Definition
| Infants at least 6 months can perceive depth and avoid it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When objects are not moving but frozen, they just jump from one place to another. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Gestalt Philosophy? |
|
Definition
| People tend to perceive the whole rather than the putting together its parts. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the Gestalt Principle figure-ground? |
|
Definition
| What is the object and what is the background in response to visual stimuli. What sound are you paying attention to(figure) and what sound are you not focusing on(ground). |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the Gestalt Principle proximity? |
|
Definition
| Objects or sounds closer together belong together. Play 2 separate tones, you would hear a single tone. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the Gestalt Principle similarity? |
|
Definition
| Group elements that have similar qualities. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the Gestalt Principle closure? |
|
Definition
| If there are gaps in a shape/sound, you fill them in. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the Gestalt Principle continuity? |
|
Definition
| Perceiving a simple, continuous shape or being able to follow one sound, despite conflicting sounds. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the Gestalt Principle common fate? |
|
Definition
| Things that change in the same way should be grouped together. |
|
|
Term
| What type of processing bases object recognition on the features of the object? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of processing bases object recognition on your beliefs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Biederman's geon theory? |
|
Definition
| We have 36 geons(geometrical shapes stored in memory and when we see an object we compare it to those shapes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Template theory? |
|
Definition
| We store many templates and compare objects to all templates in memory. |
|
|
Term
| What is perceptual constancy? |
|
Definition
| We see an object as unchanging even if it is changing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Objects have a constant shape even if our point of view changes. |
|
|
Term
| What is location constancy? |
|
Definition
| Objects are constantly moving despite looking stationary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Size of an object is unchanging even though they vary in distance. |
|
|
Term
| What is brightness constancy? |
|
Definition
| Brightness of an object doesn't change even if lighting changes. |
|
|
Term
| What is colour constancy? |
|
Definition
| Objects have a constant colour even if light changes. |
|
|
Term
| How do frogs catch insects? |
|
Definition
| They have bug detectors that respond only to moving black dots. |
|
|
Term
| What do simple cell feature detectors respond to? |
|
Definition
| Length and orientation in a particular region of the retina. |
|
|
Term
| What do complex cell feature detectors respond to? |
|
Definition
| Length and orientation anywhere in the receptive field. |
|
|
Term
| What do hypercomplex cell feature detectors respond to? |
|
Definition
| Orientation that ends at specific points in the receptive field. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you lose vision in some parts of your visual field but the parts that you do see will seem normal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You can see everything but you don't know what anything is. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you are unable to identify different objects by sight but you can by touch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You can't recognize who's face it is but you see the features and know it's a face. |
|
|
Term
| What frequencies can humans hear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are sounds processed along the basilar membrane? |
|
Definition
| Sounds of different frequencies are processed along different areas. |
|
|
Term
| What does a longer basilar membrane equal? |
|
Definition
| A higher range of frequencies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collects sound waves and directs them along the ear canal. |
|
|
Term
| What does the ear canal do to sound? |
|
Definition
| It amplifies sound waves. |
|
|
Term
| What does the eardrum do? |
|
Definition
| It vibrate at the frequency of the sound wave. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ossicles and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| hammer, anvil, stirrup. They amplify signal sent to the oval window. |
|
|
Term
| What does the cochlea do? |
|
Definition
| It transfers changes in fluid into neural impulses that the brain can understand. |
|
|
Term
| What does the oval window do when vibrated? |
|
Definition
| It causes the fluid in the cochlea to be displaced. |
|
|
Term
| What does the round window do? |
|
Definition
| It bulges in and out when the fluid is displaced. |
|
|
Term
| Which end of the basilar membrane vibrates to a high frequency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which end of the basilar membrane vibrates to a low frequency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many axons does one inner hair cell connect to? |
|
Definition
| One connects to 20 axons. |
|
|
Term
| What type of hair cell is fast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hair cell is slow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many outer hair cells connect to on axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two auditory localization cues? |
|
Definition
| Intensity differences and time differences. |
|
|
Term
| When would an echo return for an object that is close? |
|
Definition
| It will return sooner than objects farther away. |
|
|
Term
| What would a returning echo look like for an object that is moving? |
|
Definition
| It would be doppler-shifted. |
|
|
Term
| What return time would a textured object have? |
|
Definition
| It would have echoes that vary in return time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's when the evolution of traits of one species affect the evolution of traits of another. |
|
|
Term
| What is the frequency theory? |
|
Definition
| Vibration of the entire basilar at the frequency of the incoming sound wave allows the brain to decipher frequency by counting the neural impulses. |
|
|
Term
| What is the volley principle? |
|
Definition
| Groups of nerve fibres can fire as a team to signal to the brain the frequency of sound waves up to 5000Hz. |
|
|
Term
| What is the place theory? |
|
Definition
| The brain can decipher the frequency of the sound wave by being tuned to the specific place of the peak of its travelling wave along the basilar membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Music-like vocalizations made by male birds to attract or defend. |
|
|
Term
| What are the bird song areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would happen to a female bird if she is given testosterone? |
|
Definition
| She will have an increase in the bird song areas and begin to sing. |
|
|
Term
| Will birds in isolation learn their own species' bird song? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do baby birds get exposed to bird song? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the development order of bird song? |
|
Definition
| Subsong, plastic song, crystallized song. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's baby talk for birds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When bird song is recognizable as belonging to its own species. |
|
|
Term
| What is crystallized song? |
|
Definition
| When the bird song is perfect. |
|
|
Term
| What is the template model of song learning? |
|
Definition
| Songbirds inherit a rough template and a sensitive period in which they must practice the song to refine the template in memory. |
|
|
Term
| What is an infant's music perception at 2/3 months of age? |
|
Definition
| They are able to notice tempo changes. |
|
|
Term
| What is an infant's music perception at 7 months? |
|
Definition
| They can recognize full passages. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the body monitors glucose and glycogen levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is glucose stored as in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are high levels of NPY associated with? |
|
Definition
| Increased appetite and food seeking behaviours. |
|
|
Term
| What does low glucose and low glycogen levels signal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is CCK responsible for and is it short term or long term? |
|
Definition
| It's responsible for feelings of fullness after a meal, short term. |
|
|
Term
| What has more energy than glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It reduces appetite when there is a high level of NPY. At a certain point though it stops inhibiting NPY. |
|
|
Term
| Will obese mice with normal leptin levels lose weight if given leptin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do bitter, sour tastes represent? |
|
Definition
| Possibly toxic or noxious foods. |
|
|
Term
| What do sweet tastes represent? |
|
Definition
| Rich in sugars/energy and safe to eat. |
|
|
Term
| What do salty tastes represent? |
|
Definition
| Rich in protein and identify electrolytes. |
|
|
Term
| What do umami tastes represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape our taste preferences? |
|
Definition
| Local food availability and cultural influences. |
|
|
Term
| Do high sensitive tasters have more taste buds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do taste receptors do? |
|
Definition
| They detect and respond to food. |
|
|
Term
| What do haptic touch receptors feel? |
|
Definition
| Fine touch or pressure from hair. |
|
|
Term
| What do nociceptive touch receptors feel? |
|
Definition
| Pain from mechanical, chemical or temperature. |
|
|
Term
| What do proprioceptive touch receptors feel? |
|
Definition
| Touch from other parts of the body, muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What do fast adapting touch receptors signal? |
|
Definition
| When stimulation has started and ended. |
|
|
Term
| What do slow adapting touch receptors signal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 pain receptors called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain do A-delta pain receptors signal? |
|
Definition
| Immediate sharp pain. Travel up the axon faster. |
|
|
Term
| What type of pain do C-fiber pain receptors signal? |
|
Definition
| Chronic pain, likely until the wound has healed. Travels up the axon slower. |
|
|
Term
| How does touch travel up the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| It travels up the side the touch originates from and then crosses over at the brainstem. |
|
|
Term
| How does pain travel up the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| It immediately travels up to the opposite side of the spinal cord and then travels up. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is evolved sensory functions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first theory of why some people have synaesthesia? |
|
Definition
| Lack of pruning of neural connections. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second theory of why some people have synaesthesia? |
|
Definition
| We have extra neural connections but we have inhibitory processes that stop it. |
|
|
Term
| What is time space synaesthesia? |
|
Definition
| When people can see a calendar infront of them and can flip through it. |
|
|
Term
| What is sound-taste synaesthesia? |
|
Definition
| When someone hears a sound and can immediately taste something. |
|
|
Term
| What is colour synaesthesia? |
|
Definition
| When someone can see something in colour even if it's not. |
|
|
Term
| What are some traits of synaesthesia? |
|
Definition
| Automatic, consistent, emotional responses, spatially extended(not imagined). |
|
|
