Term
| Operationalize (Working) Definitions |
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Definition
Label and describe the variables of interest.
Ex-What is aggression?
Ex-How will it be measured? |
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Term
| Five Steps to the research method: |
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Definition
1. Develop a theory based on observations
2. Develop a hypothesis from the theory
3. Design a research study
4. Gather the data
5. Analyze the data and report the findings. |
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Term
| 6 Types of Data Collection Techniques |
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Definition
1. Direct Observation
2. Questionnaires
3. Interviews
4. Psychological Tests
5. Psychological Recordings
6. Examination of historical records |
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Term
|
Definition
| Explores changes in variables of interest |
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Term
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Definition
Variable other than the independent which can impact the results
Ex-time of day, lighting |
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Term
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Definition
Variables which interact making it difficult to know the true impact of the independent variable
Ex-genetic vs. environmental influences |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects may behave in ways they think are expected of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to reasonably apply the results to other similar populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consistency in answers reflective of a patterned response. |
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Term
| Descriptive and Correlational Studies |
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Definition
Looks at patterns of behavior across conditions.
Links variables which show consistent patterns or relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
In-depth study of an individual or small group
Provides systematic observations
Limited Generalizablilty
Susceptible to researcher bias |
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Term
|
Definition
-Looks at behavior in a natural environment
-Can describe but NOT explain behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
-Large sample sizes possible
-Questionnaires and interviews
-Possibility for response bias exists. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Explores the relationships between two variables using numerical value
-Scale from -1 to 1
-CORRELATION DO NOT INDICATE CAUSATION |
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Term
| Statistical Relationships |
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Definition
Mean
Median
Mode
Standard Deviation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Subject participant is voluntary based on informed consent free to withdrawal at any time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Subjects not exposed to harmful/dangerous procedures physically or psychologically |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deception in research only if justified, and if used, debriefing is required. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rights to privacy respected at all times. |
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Term
|
Definition
-IRB constitutional review board review necessary for all research.
-Report results in full/accurately
-Raw data shared when requested
-Retractions made if error found in subsequent studies |
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Term
|
Definition
-SRCD (Issues specific to research with infants and children)
-Parental consent for minors
-Children old enough grant consent (7+)
-Explain in reasonable consent |
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Term
|
Definition
-Harmful or painful procedures must be justified
-Animals entitled to decent living conditions
-Subject to review process |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Describe how people and animals behave
2. Understand and explain the causes of behavior
3. Predict behaviors/reactions across situations
4. Control behavior through understanding its causes and consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
-Understand the mind and behavior through biological processes in the brain
- Electrical and chemical processes of neurons
-Localization of Function (Phineus Gage) |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Perspective |
|
Definition
-Conscious AND unconscious forces determine behavior
-Behavior as an interplay between thoughts and feelings
-Mental processes can conflict |
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Term
|
Definition
-The environmental impact on a person's actions
-Observe behavioral responses
-Classical Conditioning
-Operant Conditioning
-Social Learning theory |
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Term
|
Definition
-Mental processes involved in knowing
-Focus on storage and retrieval of information
-Mind is like a computer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adaptive behavioral traits selected to ensure our survival |
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Term
|
Definition
-Rejects psychoanalysis- it is too pessimistic
-Stresses freewill, and the human condition is set and designed by our own efforts and motivations
-stresses freewill and goal to reach the human potential |
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Term
|
Definition
-Stresses gender and the behavior of the sexes
-Psych historically white-male dominated
-Focus on women's issues: menstruation and menopause |
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Term
| Sociocultural Perspective |
|
Definition
-Identify social rules, roles, and influences of groups on behavior
-Explore the impact of culture norms and values on behavioral
Ex-Preschool kids in USA vs. China |
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Term
|
Definition
-Looks at the elements of experiments organized as a whole
-Whole as greater than the sum of the parts
-Looks at the construct of insight
Ex- Not a circle, but fill in the blanks |
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Term
|
Definition
Focus on the adaptive, creative and positive aspects of human experience
-Look at subject experience of positive emotions: contentment, happiness, optimism
-Identify positive traits such as kindness, caring, resilience
-Explore social elements of adaptive and positive functioning: families, communities, work environments |
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Term
| Seven Areas of research study |
|
Definition
1. Developmental
2. Social
3. Experimental
4. Psychological
5. Cognitive
6. Personality
7. Psychometric |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change and growth over the lifespan |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individual and group behaviors and responses across situations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conduct lab studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology and cognition |
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Term
|
Definition
| Looks at genetic influences and factors on behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Explores higher level mental processes like memory, reasoning, information processing and creativity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Define, describe and measure the stability of behaviors and personality traits over time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Looks at the measurement of behavior through the development of psychological tests |
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Term
| 4 Types of Applied Psychology |
|
Definition
1. Clinical
2. Counseling
3. School/Educational
4. Industrial/Organizational |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diagnose and treat emotional problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deal with problems of everyday life and transitions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enhance school performance and resolve emotional problems. |
|
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Term
| Industrial/Organizational |
|
Definition
| Staff human service departments in businesses working on issues of moral, job satisfaction, and productivity issues. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Empirical
2. Theoretically Diverse-action can be explained by more than 1 theory
3. Sociohistorical Context impacts theory and practice
4. Determined by multiple causes:motivated but not smart.
5. Shaped by cultural history
6. Interaction of heredity and environment
7. Experiences are subjective (how you see things) |
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Term
|
Definition
The Body's electrochemical communication system
Divided into two parts: The central nervous system and the Peripheral nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
-Made up of the brain and spinal cord
-99% of the neurons located in the CNS
-Functions include receiving, processing, and storing incoming info; sends out messages to muscles, glands, and internal organs.
-The central command system which controls thought and movement |
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Term
| The Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
-Nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord which handles input and output of the CNS
-Connects the brain and the spinal cord to the other areas of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Individual Cells which receive, integrate, and transmit information |
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Term
| Sensory or Afferent Neurons |
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Definition
| Carry info to the brain from the skin, muscles, or organs |
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Term
| Motor or Efferent Neurons |
|
Definition
| Carry the brains output to muscles, glands, and organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| CNS neurons that mediate sensory input and motor output. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons are the nerve cells which communicate to, from, or inside the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
Hold the neurons in place, nourish, and insulate neurons. Non-neuron cells which provide a supportive function.
Glial => Glue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receives messages from the other neurons, transmits to the cell body |
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Term
|
Definition
| Keeps neurons alive; contains substances for growth, determines wether or not to fire. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmits messages away from the cell body to other parts of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where the axon ends in branches called the terminal button. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Insulated by fatty material called myelin sheath which helps the nerve impulse travel faster. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The gaps between the neurons-often between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another. |
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Term
| Long term research and studies on interaction between the brain and experiences indicate that: |
|
Definition
| enriched environments, even later in life can lead to not only functional, but structural brain changes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neuron at its stable negative charge when it is inactive |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a nerve is stimulated an electrical impulse occurs and moves down the axon to the end of the axon's terminal tip |
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Term
|
Definition
release neurotransmitters which then bind with a dendrite receptor site.
-Can excite or inhibit the firing of the receiving neuron |
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Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
|
Definition
| Minimum amount of time during which another action potential cannot begin. (no matter how much stimulus, same charge) |
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Term
|
Definition
Chemical substances which carry info across synaptic gap to the next neuron
-Binds to a particular receptor site
-Alters behavior and function |
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Term
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| Increases the likelihood it will fire an action potential |
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Term
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| Decreases the likelihood of an action potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involved in sleep, mood, depression, OCD, appetite |
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Term
|
Definition
Involved in learning, memory, and pleasure emotion.
-High levels of dopamine associated with schizophrenia, low levels with Parkinsons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle action, memory, and attention, emotion and cognition, Some receptors stimulated by Nicotine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learning and memory and emotion, excite heart muscles, intestines and urogenital tract, involved in alertness and wakefulness |
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Term
|
Definition
| INHIBITORY neurotransmitters, low levels linked with anxiety. Anti-anxiety drugs increase inhibitory effects of GABA |
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Term
|
Definition
-Brain's natural opiate
-Produce effects of reduced pain; producing pleasure
-Levels increase during stress or fear response which gave an evolutionary advantage (during childbirth and exercise.) |
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Term
|
Definition
Chemical messengers manufactured in the endocrine glands and released into the blood stream.
-Some may be classified as neurotransmitters |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormone which regulates biological rhythm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormones involved in emotions and stress |
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|
Term
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| Hormones which stimulate the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Gonadatrophins/Sex Hormones |
|
Definition
-Occurs in both sexes
-Androgens are masculinizing
-Estrogens are feminizing
-Both impact brain functioning/ early development |
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|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
2 Primary Systems
-Somatic
-Autonomic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
(AKA Skeletal Nervous System)
Sensory Nerves relay info from the skin and muscles to the CNS about pain, temp, and informs muscles when to act |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Flight or Fight response
-Works automatically
-Takes messages to and from the bodies internal organs monitoring breathing, heart rate and digestion.
-Two parts to the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Mobilized body for action, stops digestion, increase oxygen to the blood for muscle response, increases heart rate, dilates pupils, dry mouth, goose bumps |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Slows actions down, conserves bodily resources |
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|
Term
| 6 Ways to learn about the brain and what it does |
|
Definition
1. Lesion
2. Electrode Method
3. CT Scans
4. PET
5. MRI
6. FMRI |
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Term
|
Definition
| Damage or remove section of brain and observe the effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| Detect electrical activity of neurons; looks at brain waves across events. Newer uses of EEG being explored |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multiple X-Rays of successive slices of the brain. Looks at the brain structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Records the biochemical change in the brain as they occur by detecting radioactive material which has been injected or inhaled. Looks at brain functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies which produce vibrations that are picked up by the brain receivers provides a structural view of the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Fast MRI) Assess' changes in blood oxygen flow to areas of the brain, able to look a both structure AND function of the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
Regulates autonomic functioning, circulation, breathing, muscle tone, reflexes such as sneezing and salivating
-Can't Survive if Destroyed! |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulates sleeping, waking, and dreaming |
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Term
|
Definition
| Balance and coordination of movement; analyze sensory information; may play a role in remembering simple skills, problem solving. |
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Term
| 3 Structures of the hindbrain |
|
Definition
1. Cerebellum
2. Pons
3. Medulla |
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|
Term
| 3 Structures of the Midbrain |
|
Definition
1. Reticular formation
2. Tectum
3. Tegmentum |
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Term
|
Definition
Modulates muscle reflexes, pain perception, active in states of arousal
-Damage to this area may result in comas |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps function of movement and arousal |
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Term
| 7 Structures of the Forebrain |
|
Definition
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pituitary Gland
4. Limbic System
5. Amygdala
6. Hippocampus
7. Septal Areas |
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Term
|
Definition
Relays motor impulses out of the brain; directs incoming sensory messages to higher centers
-2 egg shaped masses of grey matter |
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Term
|
Definition
Hunger, thirst, emotion, sex and reproduction, body temp, and the autonomic nervous system
-The 4 F's (Fight, flight, feeding, mating) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Master gland governed by the hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
Loosely interconnected structures involved in emotions, no clear boundaries
Two parts of the Limbic System (Amygdala and Hippocampus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evaluates sensory info, linked to fear responses, emotional events |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation and storage of new memories |
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Term
|
Definition
Pleasure area of the brain
-Lesions may cause rage reactions (defensive) |
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Term
|
Definition
Largest and most complex part of the brain.
Divided into two halves or hemispheres. Connected by a ban of fibers called the corpus callosum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is in charge of the left side of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
Is in charge of the right side of the body
-Divided into four parts called lobes, each dedicated to a special purpose |
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Term
|
Definition
Contains the visual cortex
-ABOVE the cerebellum, small in size |
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Term
|
Definition
Somatosensory cortex: Receives info about pressure, pain, touch and temp
Parietal => Pressure and Pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involved in memory, perception and emotion, contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke's area |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains motor cortex, responsible for making plans, initiative, creativity, contains "Broca's Area" which is involved in speech production. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involved in speech production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in language comprehension |
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Term
|
Definition
Involved in personality, decision making, social judgement, goal setting, sequencing.
-Damage results in flattening of emotion and feelings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Touch and movement of the right side; vision in the right half of the visual field, production and comprehension of speech, reading ability and mathematical ability |
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Term
|
Definition
Touch and movement of the left side of the body; vision in the left visual field, visual and spatial ability, map reading, and and music appreciation, facial recognition, analysis of nonverbal sounds.
(Car horn, coughing) |
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Term
|
Definition
The corpus callosum is severed; used as a treatment for severe seizures disorders.
Much of the split brain research done by Gazzinaga, Sperry, and Bogen. |
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Term
| Images sent to the right or left visual fields |
|
Definition
Right visual field => Left hemisphere
Left Visual field => Right hemisphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| The influence of genetic traits on behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expressed when a pair of genes are different |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expressed when a pair of genes are the same |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genetic make-up or structure of the organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Observable or expressed characteristics of an organism |
|
|
Term
| **Polygenetic Inheritance |
|
Definition
| Many traits are determined by a combination of gene traits |
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Term
| *Multifactorial Inheritance* |
|
Definition
| Environmental factors interact with genetic factors to produce traits |
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Term
|
Definition
-1 in 50 born, number increasing
-Look at heredity by comparing similarities and differences between identical/fraternal twins
-Look at adoption studies of twins reared apart and assess the influence of heredity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulus detection process where our sense organs respond to and translate stimuli into nerve impulses sent to the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Active process of organizing stimulus input and giving it meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
| How intense does a stimulus have to be for us to recognize it premises? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50% of the time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Various factors influence our sensory judgement; often involves a process of decisions in addition to sensation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus to which the comparison is being made. |
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Term
|
Definition
Larger and larger increase in physical energy are required to produce equal increase in perception
Ex-3-way lightbulb |
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Term
| Just noticeable difference |
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Definition
| The smallest difference in which you can detect a difference threshold. |
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Term
| Sensory Adaptation (habituation) |
|
Definition
| Over time neurons decrease activity in response to a constant stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
-The normal stimulus for vision is electromagnetic energy and light waves
-Light waves are measured in nanometers
-Our visual system is sensitive to wavelengths from approx. 700 nanometers (RED) to approx. 400 nanometers (BLUE-VIOLET) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light waves enter the eye through the cornea |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behind cornea, adjusts to control the amount of light that enters the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| The pupils size is controlled by muscles in the eye called the Iris. |
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|
Term
| What causes the pupils to Dilate? Why? |
|
Definition
| Low light, in order to improve optical clarity and allows more light into the eye. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Behind the pupil
-Thicker to focus on nearby objects
-Gets thinner to focus on distant objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focuses images onto the retina, reversing the images from the right to the left and from top to the bottom; the brain reconstructs it into the image we perceive |
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Term
|
Definition
-Contains specialized sensory neurons
-Contains two types of light sensitive receptors called rods and cones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hole in the retina; it yields a blind spot |
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Term
|
Definition
| We don't experience as a "hole" as each eye compensates for the blind spot on the other |
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Term
|
Definition
Function best in dim light, primarily black/white brightness receptors, more sensitive to light than cones, no color and sensation
-Humans have 20,000,000 |
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Term
|
Definition
Function best in bright light, serve as color receptors
-Humans have 6,000,000
-Both rods and cones translate light waves into nerve impulses which pass through the retina. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Both rods and cones translate light waves into nerve impulses which pass through the retina.
-These impulses pass through the optical disk and carry visual information to the brain
-They pass through the chasm: where the optical nerves from each eye cross over and pass info to the opposite side of the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Commonly what is meant by color |
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Term
|
Definition
| The color's purity, how diluted is it with black or white |
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Term
|
Definition
3 Types of color receptors in the retina; individual cones are most sensitive to either red, blue, or green.
-Couldn't explain AFTER-IMAGES |
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Term
|
Definition
Each type of cone responds to two different wavelengths;
-Red/Green
-Blue/Yellow
-Black/White |
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Term
|
Definition
It take both the opponent process and trichromatic theory to explain color vision
-The eye has three types of cones with each being sensitive to a different band of wavelenths (supports trichromatic)
-Cells have been found which respond in opposing ways to red vs. green, blue vs. yellow, black vs. white (Supports opponent process) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli for hearing are sound waves |
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Term
|
Definition
| # of sound waves, cycles per second, most common are sounds in lower frequencies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The quality of a tone from low to high, the # of times particles oscillate/second |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where the sound waves travel ending in the ear drum |
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Term
|
Definition
| A moveable membrane which vibrates in response to sound waves |
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Term
|
Definition
-Occurs after the ear drum
-When the eardrum vibrates it sets in motion the hammer, anvil and stirrups which amplify the sound greater than 30 times. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Inner ear
-Fluid-filled tunnel which has tiny hairs or cilia's which are sound receptors, triggering to sensory neurons and action potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hold the auditory receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
Nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound waves
(Valid theory) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Different areas of the area basilar membrane are sensitive to different frequencies. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Fetus can hear three months prior to birth
-Newborns show to respond differently to familiar voices and music |
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Term
|
Definition
Humans have approx. 40 million
Dogs have approx. 1 billion
The upper portion of the nasal passage detects smells which travel straight to the olfactory bulb |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical signals which are found in natural body scents |
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|
Term
| Four basic qualities of taste |
|
Definition
1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Salty
4. Bitter
-Umami may be the fifth
-Smell, temp, ad texture are all related to taste |
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Term
|
Definition
| On the edges and along the back surface of the tongue (taste buds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Humans have about 9 million taste buds
-Taste buds can regenerate
-Newborns prefer sweet to sour or bitter
-Taste preferences are largely learned and subject to cultural influences
-Newer understanders of "super-tasters" and "non-tasters" based on density of taste buds
-Greater incidence of female super-tasters |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 primary sensations: pressure, temperature, and pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has both warm and cold sensory receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is based on the individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| The body's way of giving feedback about our muscles and joint position; gives us a sense of coordinated movements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the inner ear; helps with balance and maintaining our equilibrium in space |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mental representation or images for comparisons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organization of sensation into meaningful shapes and patterns |
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Term
|
Definition
| Objects appear to be relatively stable despite changes in the stream of sensory recognition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way |
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Term
|
Definition
| Objects do not appear to change in size when viewed from different distances. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Retina receives into the 2-D, length and width and the brain translates into 3-D, uses Binocular and monocular cues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Objects project images to different locations on the right and left retina which give a view of the object. The closer an item gets the greater the disparity between the images of the eyes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The awareness of internal and external stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Various kinds of awareness |
|
Definition
Internal sensations
External events
Of oneself as unique to experiences
Of thoughts about experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can we be unaware of things and have them still have an impact? |
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Term
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Definition
| Subliminal messages may shape our attitude without conscious awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental events we are aware of |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental events that can be brought to our awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental events inaccessible to our awareness |
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Term
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Definition
-Individuals have different internal clocks
-Must run on a 24 hour cycle
-Almost all are set for sleep at night
-Night time sleepiness peaks from 2am-6am
-Siesta Zone: 1-4 pm
-Programmed for naps |
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Term
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Definition
-Memory consolidation
-Energy Consolidation
-Helps restore bodily function |
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Definition
-Decrease immune functions
-Leads to hallucinations and perceptual disorders
-Less alert and attentive
-More irritable
-Ability to perform simple tasks declines |
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Term
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Definition
Non-REM Sleep
1. Stage 1- light sleep, small irregular brain waves, muscle relax
2. Stage 2- high peaking waves, sleep spindles, burst of electrical activity
3. Stage 3- deep sleep, delta waves, slow with high peaks
4. Stage 4- progressively more Delta waves (deep sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1,2,3,4,3,2, then go to REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Active brain waves, increased heart rate and blood pressure, limp muscle state
-80% of REM is deep sleep
-Alternates on 90 min cycle |
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Term
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Definition
More than 50% of infant sleep is REM
-By age 3-5 it is more like adults with about 20% of sleep being REM
-HARDWIRED, infants appear to be hardwired for more REM sleep |
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Term
| Middle Age Sleep Patterns |
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Definition
| Much explained by sleep patterns are much explained by hormonal changes and alterations in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
-Are most commonly impacted by changes in sleep patterns , alternations is sleep cycles.
-Biological, psychological, and social reasons
-Spend more time in bed
-Twice as long to fall asleep
-Awake in the night
-Sleep is less efficient
-Increase in stage 1, and decrease in stage 4 |
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Term
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Definition
A "lack of breath"; disrupts sleep patterns
-3 types identified, but obstructive apnea is the most common and severe
-The muscles at the back of the throat relax, obstructing the airway, breathing can actually stop causing awakenings
-Related to age and obesity; more common in men |
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Term
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Definition
falling asleep suddenly or "sleep attacks" which can occur at any time; lasts from a few seconds to 30 minutes.
-Symptoms appear between puberty and 25
-Cataplexy and sudden loss of muscle control is characteristic
-May experience sleep paralysis
-May be accompanied by vivid dreamlike images
-Prevalence 1 in 2000 |
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Term
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Definition
Over half of Americans report it at some time in their lives
-Lasts only a few nights, often due to anxiety and excitement
-Poor sleeping for 2-3 weeks caused by ongoing pressures as well as mental problems
-Underlying medical or behavioral issues, does have a genetic component, likely to run in families |
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Term
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Definition
Causes people, usually children to take nocturnal trips they don't remember, but can navigate quite well
-They sleep malfunctions during the deeper stages of sleep
-Can run in families, often abates by puberty |
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Term
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Definition
-Can range from one word to soliloquy
-No memory of the convo
-Usually short term
-Sometimes because of stress or illness |
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Term
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Definition
-Sudden awakening with physical behavior associated with intense fear
-Screaming, fighting, trying to escape appear
-Episodes last about 15 min
-Person returns to sleep, unable to recall in the morning
-More common in childhood
-Parental reassurance is the only treatment |
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Term
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Definition
-Usually in sleep paralysis which normally occurs, doe snot function and a person actually acts out their dream
-Most common in older men and may result in violent behavior
-Unlike those who experience sleep terrors, these people will remember their vivid dreams
-Treated with medication |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface content of the dream |
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Term
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Definition
| Hidden meaning, wishes, or impulses trying to be exposed |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened sense of susceptibility. |
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Term
| Various factors involved in hypnosis |
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Definition
Anesthesia
Sensory Distortions
Disinhibition
Post-hypnotic amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
Rituals surrounding hypnosis increase suggestibility and create expectations.
These are more likely to be absorbed in fantasy make good hypnotic subjects. |
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Term
| Summation of Spano’s beliefs: |
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Definition
Hypnosis represents a voluntary action, brought about by expectation
Hypnotic behaviors are highly motivated, goal-directed social behaviors
Hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness
Good hypnotic subjects are most suggestible |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that affects perception, mood, thinking, memory or behavior by changing the body’s chemistry |
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Term
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Definition
| the progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| person must continue to take a drug to satisfy emotional cravings |
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Term
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Definition
| person must continue to take to avoid withdrawal illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| speed up the activity in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| mimic endorphins, increase pleasure and decrease pain |
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Term
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Definition
| slow down CNS activity, induce sleep, decrease activity |
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Term
| Hallucinogens/Psychedelics |
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Definition
| alter perception, distort sensory experiences |
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Term
| Marijuana active ingredient |
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Definition
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Term
| Short term effect of Marijuana (5) |
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Definition
Problems with learning and memory
Distorted perception
Loss of coordination
Increase heart rate
Panic Attacks/Anxiety |
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Term
| Risks of heavy marijuana users |
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Definition
Alter information processing in the Hippocampus
Respiratory Problems
Lower Achievement
Increase Delinquent behavior and aggression
Poorer parental relationships
Addictive Potential:Can be addictive depending on the definition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powerfully addictive CNS stimulant |
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Term
| Physical Effects of Crack/Cocaine |
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Definition
Constricted blood vessels
Dilated pupils
Increased heart rate, temperature and blood pressure
Faster absorption: more intense the high
Tolerance develops
High Doses/Prolonged Use can trigger paranoia
Depression associated with stoppage |
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Term
| LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) |
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Definition
Is a major hallucinogen “Acid”
Referred to as “Acid”
Effects are Unpredictable and Dependent on Many Variables
Amount taken
Users personality, mood and expectation
Surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
Dilated Pupils
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Higher body temperature, sweating
Loss of appetite
Sleeplessness
Dry mouth and tremors
Sensory and emotional changes
Flashbacks
Not addictive, but does produce tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
psychoactive drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
MDMA is Neurotoxic
Sharp increase in body temperature
Cause muscle breakdown, kidney and cardiovascular system failure
Brain Imaging studies have shown injury to the brain, affecting neurons that use serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
Depression, confusion, sleep problems, severe anxiety
Muscle tension, teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, chills or sweating
Risk for people with circulatory
or heart disease
Some evidence for longer term brain involvement especially with cognition and memory |
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Term
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Definition
CNS stimulant medication often prescribed for ADHD; now sold as a street drug illegally
Has effects more potent than caffeine but less than amphetamines
Stimulant Effects
Appetite suppression
Wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
CNS Depressant:
Produces a mild euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions
Can impair coordination, mental functioning, emotional fluctuations
Moderate risk of physical and psychological dependence. |
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Term
| Long term risks of alcohol use |
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Definition
Liver Disease
Brain Damage
Heart Disease
Birth Defects |
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Term
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Definition
Man made substances related to male hormones used to treat low levels of testosterone
Anabolic:muscle building
Androgenic:increased masculine characteristics
Abused to enhance athletic performance/improved appearance |
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Term
| Health Hazards of Steroids |
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Definition
Liver tumors and cancer
Jaundice
Fluid retention and high blood pressure
Severe acne
Trembling |
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Term
| Causes of steroids for men, women, and adolescents |
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Definition
For males:shrinking testicles;reduced sperm count, infertility, breasts, prostate cancer
For females: facial hair, baldness, cessation of menstrual cycle, deepened voice
Adolescent risks:growth halted through premature skeletal maturation
-Aggression can increase
-Extreme Mood Swings
-Intense Jealousy and Irritability
-Delusions and Impaired Judgment |
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Term
| Cigarettes and Other Nicotine Products |
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Definition
Nicotine:a stimulant and sedative to the CNS
Stress and anxiety affect nicotine tolerance and dependence.
Addiction results in withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal has led to impaired judgment, decrease in psychomotor and cognitive functioning
Health risks well documented |
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