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| the process of deriving a conclusion from premises already accepted |
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| the process of inferring a general principle from observations |
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| an explaination that fits many observations and makes valid predictions |
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| stated in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it (if, of course such evidence existed) |
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| the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim |
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| a clear predictive statement |
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| those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same procedures |
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| combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as thought they were all one very large study |
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| when given a choice amoung hypotheses or theories that all seem to fit the facts, scientists prefer the one whose assumptions are fewer, simpler, or more consistent with other well-established theories |
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| extrasensory perception (ESP)- |
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Definition
| at least some people, at least some of the time, can aquire information without using any sense organ and without receiving any form of physical energy |
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| a definition that specifies the operations (or procedures) used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value |
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| is the group of individuals to whom we hope our conclusions will apply |
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| a group chosen because of its ease of study |
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| closely resembles the population in its percentage of males and females, Blacks and Whites, young and old, city dwellers and farmers, or whatever other characteristics are likely to affect the results |
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| every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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| groups of people from at least two cultures |
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| the tendency of an experimenter (unintentionally, in most cases) to distort or misperceive the results of an experiment based on the expected outcome. |
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| an observer who can record data without knowing what the researcher has predicted |
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| a pill with no known phoarmacological effects |
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| either the observer or the participants are unaware of which participants received which treatment |
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| both the observer and the participants are unaware of which participants received which treatment |
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| cues that tell a participant what is expected of him or her and what the experimenter hopes to find |
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| naturalistic observation- |
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| a careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions |
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| a thorough description of the person including the person's abilities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences , or whatever else seems relevant |
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| a study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people's responses to specific questions |
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| a measure of the relationship between two varibles |
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| a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variables without controlling either of them |
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| a mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables |
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| an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events |
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| a study in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable |
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| is the item that an experimenter changes or controls-for example, the amount of violent television that people are permited to watch |
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| is the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected |
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| receives the treatment that an experimenter is designed to test |
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| a set of individuals treated in the same way as the experimental group except for the procedure that the experiment is designed to test |
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| the experimenter uses a chance procedure, such as drawing names out of a hat, to make sure that every participant has the same probablility as any other participant of being assigned to a given group |
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| a statement that they have been told what to expect and that they agree to continue |
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| mathematical summaries of results (such as measures of the average and the amount of variation) |
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| the sum of all the scores divided by the total number of scores |
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normal distrubution-
(or normal curve) |
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Definition
| a symmetrical frequency of scores clustered around the mean |
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| We arrange all the scores in order from the highest score to the lowest score. The middle score is the median. |
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| the score that occurs most frequently |
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| a statement of the highest and lowest scores |
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| a measurement of the amount of variation amoung scores |
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| the range within which the true population mean lies, with 95% certainty |
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| a statement about a large population based on an inference from a small sample |
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