Term
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Definition
| Some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
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Term
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Definition
| A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding |
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Term
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Definition
| When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Th phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
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Term
| Second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer present |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that behaviors that are followed by a 'satisfying state of affairs' tend to be repeated and those that produce an 'unpleasant state of affairs' are less likely to be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
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Term
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Definition
| Circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior |
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Term
| Fixed interval schedule (FI) |
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Definition
| An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made |
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Term
| Variable Interval Schedule (VI) |
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Definition
| An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
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Term
| Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
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Term
| Variable Ratio Schedule (VR) |
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Definition
| An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
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Term
| Intermittent Reinforcement |
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Definition
| An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement |
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Term
| Intermittent-reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli |
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Term
| Category-specific deficit |
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Definition
| a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed |
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Term
| family-resemblance theory |
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Definition
| members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members by may not be possessed by every member |
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Term
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Definition
| the 'best' or 'most typical' member of a category |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
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Term
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Definition
| the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two |
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Term
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Definition
| items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently |
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Term
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Definition
| a fast an efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached |
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Term
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Definition
| a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| when people think that two events are more likely to occur together that either individual event |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed) |
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Term
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Definition
| A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
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Term
| Frequency Format Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of searching for the means of steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal |
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Term
| analogical problem solving |
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Definition
| Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief |
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Term
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Definition
| People's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid |
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Term
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Definition
| Determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| The person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| (After philosopher Rene Descartes) A mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by the mind's eye |
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Term
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Definition
| How things seem to the conscious person |
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Term
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Definition
| The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body |
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Term
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Definition
| A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented in each ear |
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Term
| Cocktail Party Phenomenon |
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| A low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinct level of consciousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object |
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Term
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Definition
| The attempt to change conscious state of mind |
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Term
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Definition
| Thee conscious avoidance of a thought |
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Term
| Rebound effect of thought suppression |
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Definition
| The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following supression |
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Term
| Ironic process of mental control |
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Definition
| mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them |
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Term
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Definition
| An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental processes that give rise to the person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person |
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Term
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Definition
| A thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations |
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Term
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Definition
| A study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain |
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Term
| Endorphins/Endogenous Opiates |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters that have a similar structure to opiates and that appear to play a role in how the brain copes internally with pain and stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| The leaves and buds of the hemp plant |
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Term
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Definition
| An altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one's actions are occurring involuntarily |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget |
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Term
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Definition
| The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of intentional contemplation |
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Term
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Definition
| A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experiences in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| An evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Any observable sign of an emotional state |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone |
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Term
| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signfy |
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Term
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Definition
| Norms for the control of emotional expression |
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Term
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Definition
| The purpose for or cause of an action |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which energy is used by the body |
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Term
| Human sexual response cycle |
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Definition
| The stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation of which one is aware |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation of which one is not aware |
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Term
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Definition
| The motivation to solve worthwhile problems |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation to experience positive outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation not to experience negative outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The emergence of the ability to understand the world |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it |
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Term
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Definition
| Theories about or models of the way the world works |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world |
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Term
| Concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and other's minds |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and other's minds and learn to reason abstractly |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently |
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Term
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Definition
| The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment styte |
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Term
| Internal Working Model of Attachment |
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Definition
| A set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (11-14 years) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21) |
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Term
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Definition
| The bodily changes associated with sexual maturity |
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Term
| Primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| Bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| Body structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends at death. |
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