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Definition
| An awareness of one's surroundings and of what's in one's mind at a given moment; includes aspect of being awake and aware. |
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| Two aspects of consciousness |
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Definition
1. Wakefulness
2. Awareness |
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| Degree of alertness reflecting whether a person is awake or asleep |
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| Monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts. |
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A state of consciousness in which the eyes are closed and the person is unresponsive and unarousable
-This is a result of illness or brain injury that damages areas of the brain that control wakefulness. |
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Definition
State of minimal consciousness in which the eyes might be open, but the person is otherwise unresponsive.
-"wakefulness without alertness" |
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| A heightened awareness of the present moment, whether of events in one's environment or in one's own mind. |
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Definition
| The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control. |
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Definition
The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others.
"undivided attention" |
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Definition
| The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or idea. |
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| Practices that people use to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, focus attention, and enhance awareness of the present moment. |
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| The variations in physiological process that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period, including the sleep-wake cycle. |
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| Quick movements of the eye that occur during sleep, thought to mark phases of dreaming. |
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| Pattern of brain activity when one is awake; a rapid, low energy wave. |
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| Pattern of brain activity when one is relaxed and drowsy; slower, higher-energy waves than beta waves. |
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| Form of sleep with few eye movements, which are slow rather than fast. |
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| Pattern of brain activity during Stage 1 sleep; slower, lower energy waves during than alpha waves. |
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| Type of brain activity that dominates Stage 3 sleep; higher energy than theta wave. |
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| A sleep difficulty characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep, as well as not feeling rested. |
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| Sleep difficulty characterized by activities occuring during non-REM sleep that usually occur when one is awake, such as walking and eating. |
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Definition
| Sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles. |
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Definition
| Sleep difficulty characterized by sleeping more than 10 hours a day for two weeks or more; includes urge to nap during inappropriate times. |
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| State that occurs when a person walks around, speaks incoherently, and ultimately awakens, terrified, from sleep. |
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| Images, thoughts, and feelings experienced during sleep. |
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| Freud's surface level of dreams, recalled upon waking. |
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Definition
| Freud's deeper, unconscious level of dreams; their meanings found at this level. |
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Definition
| Three biologically based dimensions of consciousness-- activation, input, and mode. |
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Definition
| State characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, absorbtion, lack of voluntary control over behavior, and suspension of critical faculties, occur when instructed by someone trained in hypnosis; may be therapeutic. |
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Definition
| Delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ. |
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| Naturally occuring or synthesized substances that when ingested or otherwise taken into the body, reliably produce qualitative changes in conscious experience. |
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Definition
| Condition that results from habitual use to physical and psychological dependence on a substance. |
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Definition
| Substances that decrease or slow down central nervous system activity. |
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Definition
| Substances that activate the nervous system |
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Definition
| Substances that create disorted perceptions of reality ranging from mild to extreme. |
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Definition
| Natural, marajuana like substances produced by the body. |
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Term
| Which brain region plays a key role in maintaining wakefulness |
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Definition
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| Which brain function plas a key role in maintaining wakefulness |
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Definition
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| What is a heightened awareness of the present moment, which can be applied to events in one's environment and events in one's own mind. |
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Definition
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| What term best describes not perceiving a person in a gorilla suit when asked to count the number of people playing basketball? |
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Definition
| Minimally conscious state |
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Term
| You are at a loud gathering talking to a friend. The noise of the chatter is nearly deafening, but all of a sudden you hear your name rise above the noise. This is known as the |
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Definition
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| Which of the following does meditation appear to improve? |
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Definition
| mindfulness, attention, well-being |
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Term
| A study of brain images of experienced mediators and a comparison group of nonmediators found that the experienced meditators' brains showed evidence of |
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Definition
| thicker cortex in brain areas associated with attention and sensitivity to sensory information |
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| When a perceptual wall between our conscious mind and the outside world emerges and we are in a state that is immediately reversible, we are |
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Definition
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| Research shows that sleep functions to |
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Definition
facilitate learning and memory
facilitate neural growth |
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Term
| Dreaming is most active during what kind of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| In lucid dreaming, people become aware that they are dreaming and can sometimes even control their dreams. Lucid dreaming is most consistent with which theory of dreams? |
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Definition
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Term
Scientific research has demonstrated that hypnosis |
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Definition
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Term
| A groundbreaking area of research has recently demonstrated that under hypnosis |
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Definition
hypnotically induced pain creates a subjective experience similar to real pain
people had turned off the areas of the brain that normally process the meaning of words
hypnotically induced pain activated the same brain circuit as real pain did |
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Term
| Even though it can make people feel more aroused in social settings, this popular drug is a depressant: |
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Definition
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| This stimulant can be as addictive as heroin: |
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| Since his accident, David, like many people with brain injury, experiences an overwhelming need for sleep called |
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Definition
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| People with brain damage, especially to the frontal lobes, have trouble with selective attention. This problem leads to much _______ in daily life. |
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Definition
| The ability to store and use information; also the store of what has been learned and remembered. |
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Term
| Three-Stage Model of Memory |
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Definition
| Classification of memories based on duration as sensory, short-term and long-term |
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Definition
| The part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about half a second or less. |
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Definition
| The part of memory that temporarily (for 2 to 30 seconds) stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten. |
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| The part of memory that has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime. |
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Definition
| The pary of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand; often used interchangeably with short-term memory. |
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Definition
| The process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units. |
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Definition
| The process of repeatedly practicing material so that it enters long-term memory |
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Definition
| The tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position in the list. |
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Definition
| Kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such that as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness. |
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| Kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned. |
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Definition
| A kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli. |
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Definition
| The process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information; the first stage of long-term memory formation. |
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Definition
| Knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events also known as declarative memory. |
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Definition
| Form of memory that recalls facts and general knowledge, such as what we learn in school. |
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| Form of memory that recalls the experiences we have had. |
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Definition
| Encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task. |
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Definition
| Encoding of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it. |
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| A method devised to help remember information, such as a rhyme or acronym. |
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Definition
| The process of establishing, stablizing, or solidifying a memory; the second stage of long-term memory formation. |
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Definition
| The retention of memory over time; the third stage of long-term memory formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects or events. |
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Definition
| A chain of associations between related concepts. |
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Definition
| A way of organizing related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general. |
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Definition
| The recovery of information stored in memory; the fourth stage of long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detailed, especially vivid memories of very specific, highly charged events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron. |
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Definition
| The weakening or loss of memories over time. |
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Definition
| Disruption of memory because new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disruption of memory becasue other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disruption of memory because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. |
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Definition
| A form of forgetfulness that results from inattention. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graphic depiction of how recall steadily declines over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to retrieve some information once it is stored. |
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Definition
| The unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. |
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Definition
| Problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source. |
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Definition
| Memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory from a real event that was encoded, stored but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory loss due to brain injury or disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of a disease or injury. |
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Definition
| Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience. |
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Definition
| Process by which two pieces of information from the environmentt are repeatedly linked so that we begin to connect them in our minds. |
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Definition
| A form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| The natural automatic, inborn reaction to a stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| The environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restriction of a CR (such as salivation) to only the exact CS to which it was conditioned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extension of the association between UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli. |
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Definition
| The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement. |
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Definition
| The sudden reappreance of an extinguished response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the liklihood that the behavior will be repeated. |
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Definition
| The process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequeces of that behavior. |
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Definition
| Innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (such as food, water, or sex). |
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Term
| Secondary (or conditioned) reinforcers |
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Definition
| Reinforcers that are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning (such as money, grades, and peer approval). |
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Definition
| An internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. |
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Definition
| The presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur. |
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Definition
| Stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behavior. |
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Definition
| Removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior. |
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Definition
| The addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior. |
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Definition
| The removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior. |
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Definition
| Simple chamber used for operant conditioning of small animals. |
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Definition
| The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior. |
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Definition
| Reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs. |
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Term
| Intermittent Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcement of a behavior --but not after every response. |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| Patterns of intermittent reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. |
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Term
| Fixed Ration (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses. |
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| Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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Definition
| A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes. |
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| Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed. |
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| Variable Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Definition
| A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after the time periods of different duration have passed. |
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Term
| Conditioned Taste Aversion |
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Definition
| The learned avoidance of a particular taste or food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive unlearned behavior tendencies. |
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| Biological Constraint Model |
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Definition
| A view on learning which proposes that some behaviors are likely to be learned than others. |
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Definition
| Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Learning by watching the behavior of others. |
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Definition
| A description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others. |
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Definition
| The imitation of behaviors performed by others. |
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Definition
| the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth. |
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Definition
| The scientific study of animal behaviors. |
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