Term
| What are two types of skill memory? |
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Definition
perceptual-motor skills
cognitive skills |
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Term
| What are perceptual-motor skills? |
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Definition
| Learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs |
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Term
| What are cognitive skills? |
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Definition
| learned rules and strategies |
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Term
| What is an example of a cognitive skill? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a perceptual-motor skill? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| memory for how to do something |
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Term
| What is declarative memory? |
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Definition
| learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs |
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Term
| What is the difference between skill memory and declarative memory? |
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Definition
Skill Memory>
-are difficult to convey except by direct demonstrations
-may be acquired without awareness
-slowly acquired
Declarative Memory>
-can be communicated flexibly, in different formats
-have content that is consciously accessible
-can be acquired in a single exposure |
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Term
| What is the power law of learning? |
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Definition
| improvements in performance get smaller as practice gets more frequent |
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Term
| What is implicit learning? |
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Definition
| learning in the absence of awareness |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for declarative memory not being necessary for skill memory? |
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Definition
H.M had his medial temporal lobe removed.
*he had limited long term memory but his non-declarative memory was fine
-when he was learning rotary pursuit he did show ability to learn non-declarative memory |
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Term
| What are the three stages of acquisition? |
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Definition
1) Cognitive Stage
2) Associative Stage
3) Autonomous Stage |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for the three stages of acquisition? |
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Definition
-Novices putt more poorly when they have to simultaneously encode a word list
-Experts do not putt more poorly when they have to simultaneously encode a word list, unless they are using a nonstandard shaped putter.
*putting with a standard putter is in autonomous stage
*putting with a non-standard putter is in cognitive stage |
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Term
| Where does the basal ganglia receive inputs from? |
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Definition
| most areas of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Where does the basal ganglia send outputs to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for the role in perceptual motor skill memory of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| Experiment asked rats to learn that arms with a light have a food pellet. The rats were impaired by basal ganglia lesion but not by hippocampal lesion. |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for the role in cognitive skill memory for the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| Experiment asked participants to 'predict weather' based on combination of patters displayed on four cards. Each combination of patterns probabilistically associated with Rain or Sunshine. fMRI of blood oxygenation levels during performance of the 'weather prediction' task and during performance of a 'baseline' task. |
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Term
| Where does the cerebellum receive inputs from? |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex, sensory systems and spinal cord |
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Term
| Where does the cerebellum send outputs to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for the role in perceptual-motor skill memory for the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Rats learned coordinated and balanced movements on an obstacle course {perceptual-motor skill} and the control was the group of rats that did not learn the obstacle course. The experimental group had a greater number of synapses in the cerebellar cortex than controls. |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for the role in cognitive skill memory for the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| The experiment was asking participants to read mirror-reversed words or regular words. The right cerebellum showed an increase in blood oxygenation levels when reading mirror reverse words. |
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Term
| What is perceptual memory? |
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Definition
| unconscious, automatically retrievable memory for a previously experienced stimulus or stimuli |
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Term
| What is word-stem completion? |
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Definition
Gives the first few letters
ex: GIV-- |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence that word-stem completion requires sensory cortex? |
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Definition
*subjects asked to complete word-stem with "first word that comes to mind"*
-at age 14 M.S. had most of his right occipital lobe removed for treatment of otherwise intractable epilepsy
--M.S. performed more poorly than controls |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrated, continued practice |
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Term
| what is spaced/distributed practice? |
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Definition
| practice spread out over several time periods |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for spaced/distributed practice being better? |
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Definition
Participants learned a video game that required both perceptual-motor skills and cognitive skills.
-massed groups had a total of ten lessons spread over two days
-distributed groups had a total of ten lessons but with 1 per day and spread over ten days
-the distributed groups outperformed the massed groups |
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Term
| What is paired-associate learning of related words? |
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Definition
You are given one word and asked to say the first word that comes to mind.
Ex:
Stove-Hot |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence that paired-associate learning of related words doesn't require declarative memory? |
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Definition
The experiment asked participants to study lists of word pairs.
*in experiment 1 word pairs were unrelated
*in experiment 2 word pairs were related
-During the test phase subjects were asked to say the first word that came to mind when presented with first word of each word pair
*In experiment 1 amnesics were impaired at remembering the unrelated associate
*In experiment 2 amnesics were normal at remembering the related associate |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for rapid, automatic retrieval of well-learned associations? |
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Definition
| Implicit association test: people were more likely to associate african american with gun than a white person ;woman with the house and man with career |
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Term
| What is the difference between long-term and short-term memory? |
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Definition
Short-term memory>
-active contents of consciousness
-access is rapid
-capacity is limited
-forgotten quickly
Long-term memory>
-not currently in consciousness
-access is slower
-capacity is unlimited
-forgotten more slowly |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence that short-term and long-term memory are separable? |
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Definition
-H.M. had medial temporal lobe removed; impaired long term declarative memory; normal short term memory -he could remember a list of digits K.C
. -he had impaired short term memory; fine long-term memory
-he could not remember a string of three digits
-he could remember associations
-bilateral lesion of hippocampus |
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Term
| What is the Atkinson & Shiffrin model of short term memory? |
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Definition
| a single short-term memory that handles all temporary storage and rehearsal, and includes some basic manipulation processes |
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Term
| What is the Baddeley & Hitch model of working memory? |
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Definition
separate short-term systems for:
1)temporary storage and rehearsal of acoustic-verbal information
2)temporary storage and rehearsal of visual-spatial information
3)monitoring and manipulating the contents of the 2 storage systems |
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Term
| How is the Baddeley & Hitch model of working memory different from Atkinson & Shiffrin's model of short-term memory? |
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Definition
-Baddeley & Hith have three separate short-term systems for short-term memory; there is the phonological loop which serves as the short term memory for auditory information and there is the visuo-spatial sketchpad which serves as short-term storage and rehearsal for visual information. These two systems feed into the central executive which monitors and manipulates the information from the two systems.
-Atkinson & Shiffrin's model has a single short-term memory that is fed by sensory memory and feeds into an eventual long-term memory; also in this model it is possible for the sensory memory to feed directly into long-term memory without conscious rehearsal. |
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Term
| What are the different components to Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory? |
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Definition
-Phonological loop> short-term storage and rehearsal for auditory information
-Visuospatial sketchpad> short-term storage and rehearsal for visual information
-Central executive> cognitive control of short-term stores |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for the three components of Baddeley and Hitch's model of 3 components rather than 1? |
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Definition
1)subjects could keep a long string of digits in short-term memory while at the same time performing a reasoning test *implies separate acoustic-verbal storage and executive control processes
2)subjects can do a verbal and visual short-term memory task together simultaneously much more easily than two verbal short-term memory tasks or two visual short-term memory tasks *implies separate acoustic-verbal and visual spatial storage |
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Term
| What are the four cortical areas of the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
-Dorsal-lateral pre-frontal cortex
-Ventral-lateral pre-frontal cortex
-medial pre-frontal cortex
-orbital pre-frontal cortex |
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Term
| What are the three subareas in primates of the pre-frontal cortex? |
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Definition
lateral prefrontal cortex
medial prefrontal cortex
orbital prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| What are the brain substrates of working memory? |
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Definition
| left ventrolateral PFC, right ventrolateral PFC, Right posterior cortical visual areas, left posterior cortical speech and language areas |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for separate brain areas for manipulation vs. maintenance of the brain in relation to the substrates of working memory? |
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Definition
-On each trial, monkey saw 2-5 objects and had to choose an object that he and not previously chosen in order to receive a food reward(10-120 seconds btwn trials)
*Group 1 had lesion of dorsolateral PFC
*Group 2 had lesion of a posterior cortical visual area
*Group 3 had no lesion
-5 objects on each trial; 10-sec delay between trials{group 1 impaired}
--central executive impairment
-2 objects on each trial; 120 sec delay {group 2 impaired}
--visuospatial sketchpad |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence for separate brain areas for rehearsal component of phonological loop and short-term storage component of phonological loop in relation to the brain substrates of working memory? |
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Definition
*patient T.O. suffered a lesion to his left posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
*Patient L.A. underwent removal of left termporo-parietal cortex
-T.O. and L.A. heard a word list while undergoing:
--Auditory supression: uttering blah over and over again(prevents rehearsal)
--Phonological interference: listening to background talking (prevents short term storage)
*T.O not affected by articulatory suppression, because he had impaired rehearsal
*not affected by phonological interference , because he ahs impaired short-term storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited capacity cognitive process devoted to the monitoring of internal and external events |
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Term
| What are the two types of attention? |
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Definition
1)Stimulus-Driven
2)Goal-Driven |
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Term
| What is low target prevalence? |
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Definition
prior to experiment, participants shown images of 20 potential target weapons.
-stimuli consisted of x-ray images of bags containing a variety of non-weapon objects.
-In the high prevalence condition, 50% of the bags also contained a weapon
-In the low prevalence condition, 2% of the bags also contained a weapon
-participants responded as quickly as possible as to wheather a bag contained a weapon or not. |
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Term
| What is attentional blink? |
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Definition
Period of time after the detection of a visual stimulus during which another stimulus cannot be detected
-typically demonstrated with 'rapid serial visual presentation' paradigm in which a series of stimuli are presented in rapid succession |
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Term
| What is change/in-attentional blindness? |
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Definition
anything outside of coherence and attentional set is ignored
coherence{in relation to objects or visual scene}
attentional set {what you are prompted to pay attention to} |
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Term
| What is selective attention? |
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Definition
| processing of relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli |
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Term
| How much processing of unattended stimuli occurs in early selection theory? |
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Definition
| no processing of unattended stimuli occurs in early selection theory |
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Term
| How much processing of unattended stimuli occurs in multimode theory? |
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Definition
| more than in selective attention theory but still not a lot |
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Term
| What is divided attention? |
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Definition
| attending to multiple things at once |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for cognitive processes to occur non-intentionally; unconsciously, and with little effort after extensive practice |
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Term
| What are the properties of controlled vs. atuomatic processing? |
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Definition
controlled processing>
-conscious control, and intention
-attention demanding
Automatic Processing>
-Unconscious and effortless
-attention not needed |
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Term
| What is increased speed theory{in relation to automaticity}? |
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Definition
| as performance of a task undergoes transition from controlled to automatic, component processes used to carry out task become faster and faster |
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Term
| What is the difference between a serial and a parallel search in increased speed theory? |
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Definition
serial search> controlled processing (requires attention)
parallel search> automatic processing (does not require attention) |
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Term
| What is instance-based theory? |
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Definition
| controlled performance of a task involves effortful memory search, while automatic performance of a task involves effortless memory retrieval |
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Term
| What happened to the people who repeatedly solved the same set of 60 multiplication problems? |
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Definition
| *Most people would originally start out with algorithmic processes and then end up using memory retrieval to solve the problems {effortful>effortless} |
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Term
| What is the experimental evidence in support of instance-based theory? |
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Definition
60 multiplications problems
*after subjects were presented with the material over and over again they no longer have to use algorithmic processes and use memory retrieval |
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Term
| What is choking in reference to automaticity? |
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Definition
| for well-learned, automatic skills, mistakes can occur when too much attention is paid to performance |
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Term
| What are action slips in reference to automaticity? |
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Definition
| for well-learned, automatic procedures with many steps, mistakes can occur when too little attention is paid to individual steps |
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Term
| What does the right ventrolateral pre-frontal cortex? |
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Definition
| rehearsal of visuospatial sketchpad |
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Term
| What do the right posterior cortical visual areas do? |
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Definition
| short-term storage of object and location information |
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Term
| What does the left posterior cortical speech and language areas? |
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Definition
| short-term storage verbal information |
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Term
| What does the anterior left ventrolateral pre-frontal cortex do? |
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Definition
| rehearsal of semantic information |
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Term
| What does the posterior ventrolateral pre-frontal cortex do? |
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Definition
| rehearsal of phonological information |
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Term
| What is early selection theory? |
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Definition
| we process everything around us in terms of physical characteristics but only what we are attending to gets processed any further |
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Term
| What is multimode theory? |
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Definition
| with more attentional effort you can process unattended stimuli to a higher level |
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