Term
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Definition
| the act of using our sensory systems to detect environmental stimuli (external energy is turned into internal neural signals and passed into the CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of recognizing and identifying internalized sensory stimuli (achieved by bottom-up and top-down processing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision - Visible LIght (electromagnetic energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing - Air pressure waves (sound waves) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactile - Pressure, damage to skin, thermal energy (temps) |
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Term
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Definition
| Taste - Chemicals (typically in food) |
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Term
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Definition
Smell - odorants (airborne chemicals)
Uses olfactory receptor neurons.
Over 300 different types of receptors |
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Term
| Kinaesthetic and Vestibular |
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Definition
| Gravitational Forces etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of converting an external physical stimulus into neural impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
- specialized cells
- convert a form of environmental stimuli into neural impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the flame of a single candle 50km away on a clear, dark night |
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Term
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Definition
| the tick of a watch at 6 meters in a quiet room |
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Term
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Definition
| one drop of perfume diffused through a 6 room apartment |
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Term
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Definition
| one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water |
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Term
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Definition
| the wing of a fly falling on cheek from 1cm |
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Term
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Definition
- the minimal difference needed to notice a difference between two stimuli
- AKA "Just Noticeable Difference" (JND) |
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Term
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Definition
To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a certain PERCENTAGE, not by an absolute amount
ex. Weight --> 2% change |
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Term
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Definition
| With repeated exposure to stimulus, sensory cell exhibit a reduced response. eg, tag in shirt or sound of train |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptions arising from sum of independent sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptions guided by higher-level mental functions |
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Term
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Definition
| the readiness to interpret a stimulus in a certain way. (a bias) |
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Term
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Definition
- below one's threshold for conscious awareness.
- not able to be made conscious
Sub (below), Limen (threshold) |
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Term
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Definition
- Early 1990's
- Subject listened daily to subliminal recordings for increasing memory of self-esteem
- Experimenter switched labels on products
- No effects on self esteem or memory
- Subjects BELIEVED they improved anyways |
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Term
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Definition
Combination of: pressure, touch, temperature, vibration, pain
Po-Tay-Toes Vagina Pussy |
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Term
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Definition
- Located near surface of skin
- General touch: ie. temp, light pressure, pain
- More FNE, more sensitive skin |
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Term
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Definition
- Located in fingertips, palms, lips (hairless skin areas)
- Transduce information about sensitive touch |
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Term
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Definition
- Located deep in skin
- Respond to vibrations and heavy pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactile receptors - spinal cord (using respective pathways for touch or pressure/vibration) - brainstem - thalamus - somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to experience pain |
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Term
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Definition
- Myelinated
- Sharp, localized pain |
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Term
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Definition
- Unmyelinated
- Nagging, burning pain |
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Term
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Definition
Melzack & Wall
- Proposed "Neurological gate" in spinal cord
- When gate is open, pain transmission can ascend to brain
- Activated via nociceptors
- Activation of other fibres closes gate |
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Term
| Top Down Influences on Pain |
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Definition
1. Attention
2. Expectation |
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Term
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Definition
| - send axons to form olfactory nerve (like ganglion cells of visual system) |
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Term
| Olfactory Reception Process |
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Definition
1. Odorants bind to receptors
2. Receptor cells are activated and send electric signals
3. Signals are relayed in glomeruli
4. Signals are transmitted to temporal lobe and limbic areas |
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Term
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Definition
| Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami (taste of MSG) |
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Term
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Definition
- Clusters of 60-100 taste receptor cells
- Reproduce every 1-2 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| - Bumps on tongue with surrounding pores. 60-100 taste buds per papillae |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of balance (orientation) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Move in fluid in the ear when the head rotates or tilts, which stimulate hair-like receptors that send messages to the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
- Determines pitch of sound
- Measured in Hertz (Hz) (cycles per second) |
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Term
| Range of Hearing in Humans |
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Definition
20-20,000 Hz
Although we hear best from 200-5000 Hz (Human Voice) |
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Term
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Definition
- Magnitude (height) of a wave length
- Determines loudness
- Measured in decibels (dB) |
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Term
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Definition
- Log base 10 scale
- We perceive doubling in loudness every 10 dB even though there is 10x as much energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Maleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
- Three smallest bones in human body
- In ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Information travels from receptor nerve to inferior colliculus (midbrain) to thalamus to auditory cortex (temporal lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
| Different pitches are heard because different frequencies trigger activity in different parts of the basilar membrane (cochlea) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain perceives pitch based on the firing rate of the auditory nerve, regardless of origin of fibres |
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Term
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Definition
1. General Loudness
2. Loudness differences in two ears
3. Timing differences in two ears |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing loss caused by damage of the mechanical system. May be "treated" with hearing aids which amplify sound. |
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Term
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Definition
Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves
- Once destroyed, tissues remain dead |
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Term
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Definition
- Device that converts sounds to electrical signals
- Stimulates the auditory nerves thru electrodes connected to cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
eg. When exposed to loud sounds, muscles contract to diminish sounds intensity
eg. Tag on your shirt becomes less noticeably itchy |
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Term
| Cocktail Party Phenomenon |
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Definition
| More likely to hear your own name in a loud/crowded environment |
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Term
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Definition
| transparent protective outer surface of the eye. Contains pain (touch) receptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Small, black adjustable opening in the eye
- Larger in dim light and when aroused |
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Term
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Definition
- The coloured muscle surrounding the pupil
- Controls size of pupil |
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Term
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Definition
1. Light is partially bent thru cornea
2. Passes thru pupil
3. Passes through lens which focuses light waves
4. Light projected onto the retina |
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Term
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Definition
- Specialized cells at back of eye
- Contains all receptor cells (rods and cones)
- Contains Fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| Central, clearest image on retina (mostly cones) |
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Term
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Definition
specialized neurons that transduce energy into neural signals
(Rods & Cones) |
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Term
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Definition
Photoreceptor:
- Respond to all wavelengths of light
- Used for periphery and night vision
- Not as acute as cones
- Over 100 million |
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Term
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Definition
Photoreceptor:
- Several types that respond best to particular wavelengths of light
- Used for central and colour vision
- Very acute (clear)
- 4-5 million
- Has own connection to a singular ganglion cell |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Send axons (signals) to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibit cells in adjacent regions (enhance contrast) |
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Term
| Light Effects on Rods & Cones |
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Definition
| Closes Na+ channels and causes hyperpolarization which increases potentials in bipolar cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual Pathway: projects to opposite side of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual Pathway: projects to same side of the brain |
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Term
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
- 6 Layers of Cells
- Ganglion cells of left and right eye that respond to same part of the visual field, project to nearby places in the LGN.
- Image on retina (retinotopic image) is preserved in LGN
- Projects to visual cortex on same side of brain |
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Term
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Definition
- 6 Layers if cell
- Preservation of retinal image on visual cortex
- More area area is dedicated to processing inputs from the fovea
- Image is upside down |
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Term
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Definition
- Neurons in visual cortex respond to specific features of a visual stimulus.
- Simple cells: certain Shapes (bars, circles)
- Complex cells: Respond to lines with specific angles regardless of where they are in the visual field. |
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Term
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Definition
| as you move parallel to the surface of cortex, there are alternating columns of cells that are driven by left and right eye (same areas of visual field). |
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Term
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Definition
| as you move perpendicular to the surface, the preferred orientation of the complex cells changes gradually from horizontal to vertical and back again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond only to more complex patterns. Information is passed to them by feature detection cells. |
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Term
| Features processed by visual system |
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Definition
- Form, colour, motion, depth.
- Brain damage to specific cortical regions ay result in blindness in particular dimension (e.g. face blindness, motion blindness, cortical colour blindness etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
- Temporal lobe
- Object recognition |
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Term
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Definition
- Parietal Lobe
- Movement processing
- Spatial orientation |
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Term
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Definition
- Various colours are formed by combinations of the primary colours
- Red, Green, and Blue
- Eye has three types of colour receptors: "tri-"chromatic.
- Other colours formed by amount of activity in these receptors. (ie. yellow = red+green)
^^ Not correct. Each responds to a range of wavelengths. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short, medium and long OR Blue, green and red |
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Term
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Definition
When the opposite colour is enhanced briefly after viewing a colour.
ie. Blue --> Yellow, Green --> Red |
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Term
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Definition
| Noticed that trichromatic theory doesn't explain all facets of colour vision... YELLOW IS PRIMARY COLOUR!!! |
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Term
| Functions of Consciousness |
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Definition
- Processing Information
- Awareness of Internal States (hunger, thirst)
- Learning new tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failing to notice a change in the environment when attending to something. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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Term
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Definition
Sub-nuclei project to cerebral cortex.
- If damaged on one side, lack of awarenes of events in one side of visual field/body sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| state in which information can become readily available to conscious if necessary. ie. What did you do last weekend? |
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Term
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Definition
| state in which information is not easily accessible to conscious awareness (may take a while to recall) ie. someone's name. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves pieces of knowledge that we are fully aware of |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge that we have stored in memory that we are not typically aware of or able to recall at will (unconscious) |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| Circa-about, diem-day. Daily sleep cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synchronization of circadian rhythms to the external 24 hours daily light-dark cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes the sleep hormone melatonin |
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Term
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
- Activation suppresses melatonin release.
- Receives inputs from the optic nerve (light) |
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Term
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Definition
5min
- transition into sleep
- transition from alpha to theta waves (EEG)
- Heart rate slows, blood pressure decreases
- Hypnagogic state (hallucinations) and myclonic jerks |
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Term
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Definition
15-20min
- muscles more relaced
- sleep spindles emerge in EEG (burst of rapid brain waves) |
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Term
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Definition
5-10min
- Theta waves and delta waves |
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Term
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Definition
20-30min
- Slow heart rate, body in total relaxation
- Mostly delta waves
- Deepest sleep
- Sleep walking & bed wetting more likely |
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Term
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Definition
10min - Also called paradoxical sleep
- Difficult to awaken but EEG resembles awake state.
- Eye movements, breathing/heart rate increases.
- Dreams
- Muscles paralyzed
- Increased time spent in REM following period of REM deprivation |
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Term
| Sleep Theory: Adaptive Theory |
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Definition
| sleeping serves as a protection function e.g. reduces dangerous night activities including predation from nocturnal animals |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes growth. Growth hormone is secreted during deep sleep, and children sleep more than adults. |
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Term
| Sleep Theory: Restorative Theory |
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Definition
| sleep allows for recovery from use during day. Sleep deprivation compromises immune function. |
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Term
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Definition
| storing memories from the day's events |
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Term
| Activation Synthesis: Dreaming |
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Definition
| Brainstem activates areas of the cortex and limbic system. Triggers random sensations and emotions. Brain tries to make sense of these and forms a story. |
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Term
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Definition
| altered state of consciousness with heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation and intense focus |
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Term
| Who is more readily hypnotized? |
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Definition
People who are...
1) More susceptible to suggestion
2) highly imaginative and live rich fantasy lives. e.g. readily absorbed into movie plots |
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Term
| Social Influence Theory (Explanation for Hypnosis) |
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Definition
- People are just acting in ways expected of them by another person
- An extension of conformity or obedience
- When motivation for being hypnotized is reduced, subjects are less responsive |
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Term
| Divided Consciousness Theory (Explanation for Hypnosis) |
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Definition
- Hypnosis involves a dissociation (splitting) of consciousness and attention to one aspect of experience.
Evidence: Stroop test. Performing tasks under hypnosis that are difficult when not hypnotized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroimaging suggests ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX involved when used to anesthetize or reduce pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals that affect consciousness (awareness, sesnation, perception, mood) and behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
- a physiological need for a drug to function normally.
- marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological desire to use a drug to produce desired psychological state or remove a negative one |
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Term
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Definition
| - a compulsive craving for and use of a drug despite adverse consequences (to person or others) |
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Term
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Definition
- usually opposite of those produced by drug
- implies a physical dependence |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to receptor sites and mimic neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to receptor sites and block neurotransmitters from binding |
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Term
| Ways that drugs alter availability of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
1) Blocking SYNTHESIS of NT
2) Blocking BREAK DOWN of NT
3) Increasing or decreasing RELEASE of NT
4) Increasing or decreasing RE-UPTAKE of NT |
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Term
| Three Categories of Psychoactive Drugs |
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Definition
| Depressants, stimulants and Hallucinogens |
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Term
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Definition
- act on the central nervous system (CNS) to suppress bodily processes
e.g. alcohol, sedative-hypnotics, barbiturates, opiates (morphine, heroin) |
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Term
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Definition
- Enhance neural activity
- Increase alertness and attention
- Boost mood briefly
- Activate Sympathetic Nervous System (heart rate, breathing rate, dilating pupils etc.)
- Decrease appetite
e.g. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, Ecstacy (MDMA) |
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Term
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Definition
- mixed effects on neural activity (distort functioning)
e.g. LSD, marijuana
- Distort perception, and produce hallucinations (vivid images in the absence of sensory input) |
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Term
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Definition
- Enhances GABA and inhibits widespread areas of brain
- Inhibits judgement, leading to disinhibition
- Effects cerebellum
- At high doses, can suppress vomit reflex and respiration, leading to death (medulla) |
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Term
| Sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines) |
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Definition
DEPRESSANTS
- Enhance GABA
- Used to reduce anxiety
- Potential for abuse/dependency
- Can be dangerous if mixed with alcohol
e.g. Valium, Ativan, Xanax |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs used to reduce anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
DEPRESSANTS
- produce a "blissful pleasure"
- high abuse & overdose potential (e.g. heroin)
- repeated use stops brain from producing its own endorphins.
- Agonizing withdrawal
e.g. Heroin, Oxycodone, Fentanyl |
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Term
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Definition
- Worlds most consumed psychoactive substance
- 3-4 hour effect
- Blocks adenosine
- Withdrawal: fatique & headache |
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Term
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Definition
- As addictive as heroin and cocaine
- Releases dopamine and endorphins
- Quick release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (alertness and arousal)
- Stimulates acetylcholine receptors (calming effect)
- Withdrawal craving several weeks/months |
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Term
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Definition
- Derived from coca leaf
- Sniffed, smoked, injected
- Blocks reuptake of dopamine
- Intense euphoria and well being
- Rapid tolerance
- Depletes neuromtransmitters causing crash
- Emotional disturbance, suspicious, aggression, convulsions, cardiac arrest and respiratory failure |
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Term
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Definition
- Worlds most consumed psychoactive substance
- 3-4 hour effect
- Blocks adenosine
- Withdrawal: fatique & headache |
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Term
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Definition
- As addictive as heroin and cocaine
- Releases dopamine and endorphins
- Quick release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (alertness and arousal)
- Stimulates acetylcholine receptors (calming effect)
- Withdrawal craving several weeks/months |
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Term
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Definition
- Derived from coca leaf
- Sniffed, smoked, injected
- Blocks reuptake of dopamine
- Intense euphoria and well being
- Rapid tolerance
- Depletes neuromtransmitters causing crash
- Emotional disturbance, suspicious, aggression, convulsions, cardiac arrest and respiratory failure |
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Term
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Definition
- Manufactured
- Increase energy and alertness
- Increase dopamine
- Followed by crash
- Oral
- Prescribed for ADHD, weight loss, narcolepsy, decongestion
e.g. Adderall, ritalin, decedrine |
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Term
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Definition
STIMULANT
- Usually smoked
- Very addictive
- Produced by breaking down ephedrine with toxic solvents in amateur "meth labs"
- High lasts up to 8 hours
- Release of dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
STIMULANT
- Also a mild hallucinogen
- Produces euphoria (dopamine release) and social intimacy for 3-4 hours (blocks re-uptake of serotonin)
- Risk of short term dehydration |
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Term
| LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) |
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Definition
- Causes a common pattern of hallucinations
- At its peak, people may feel separated from their bodies and experience vivid dreamlike scenes.
- Blocks serotonin
- Flashbacks may occur |
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Term
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Definition
- Consists of leaves and flowers of the hemp plant.
- Active ingredient is THC (remains in body for a month or more)
- Causes relaxation, reduced inhibition, may produce euphoric high
- Can amplify sensitivity to sensory inputs.
- May reduce nausea
- Impairs motor coordination, perceptual skills, and reaction time |
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Term
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Definition
- Pleasure pathway in the brain
- From ventral tegmental area of midbrain to nucleus accumbens and cortex |
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Term
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Definition
A relatively permanent change in behaviour based on experience
- Modification of nervous system as a result of experience w environmental stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| We learn to ignore unimportant stimuli to attend to important ones |
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Term
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Definition
- PREDICT and PREPARE for biologically important events
e.g. start the digestive tract when you're about to ingest a big meal
- ADJUST our behaviour according to their consequences (learn not to touch the stove) |
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Term
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Definition
- Involves new "connection" between two things
- classical or pavlovian conditioning: between two stimuli
- Operant conditioning: between your behaviour and what follows |
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Term
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Definition
Change in UNLEARNED behaviour with repeated exposure to the same stimulus
The stimulus naturally produces a response in the first place (no learning required). However, experience with that stimulus results in a (learned) change in responding to it (decrease or increase). |
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Term
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Definition
Non-Associative learning
- Decrease in behaviour with repeated exposure to the same stimulus.
- The initial response DOES NOT require learning.
- But, experience with that stimulus results in a learned change in responding to it |
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Term
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Definition
Non-Associative learning
- Increase in behaviour with repeated exposure to the same stimulus.
- Learn that a stimulus is important |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in behaviour by watching other. |
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Term
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Definition
Non associative learning, Associative learning, Observational learning
Latent learning, insight |
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Term
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Definition
| Full strength recovery of habituated response in presence of a novel stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
- A neutral stimulus becomes able to elicit a behavioral response due to its association with a stimulus that naturally produces the response.
- a new stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a response due to its association with a stimulus that produces the response. |
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Term
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Definition
Russian
Studied digestive system (Nobel Prize in1904)
Interested in salivation responses to types of food.
Place food in mouth, dog salivates (reflexively)
However, Pavlov observed “psychic secretions” in his dogs.
Dogs would salivate to sounds associated with feeding |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that naturally and automatically causes a response (food). |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| The reflexive (unlearned) response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (salivation). |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| An initially neutral stimulus (e.g. tone) that, after being paired with the US, comes to elicit a response. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| The learned response to the conditioned stimulus (salivating in response to tone). |
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Term
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
- Initial learning of the conditioned response by pairing of the US and CS.
- The ORDER and TIMING of the CS and US presentation is extremely important (CS must precede the US slightly, 1/2 sec is optimal)
- NOVELTY and INTENSITY of CS are also important |
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Term
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS. |
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Term
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
An Organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the original stimulus.
EX: Pavlov presented a specific tone to dogs prior to food but presented other (similar) tones which were never followed by food. Dogs learned to respond only to the tone predicting food. |
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Term
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Definition
| readiness to interpret a certain stimulus in a certain way |
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Term
| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
Occurs when a new stimulus comes to elicit a CR by its association with a conditioned stimulus that already produces a conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
- Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.
- Not the same as "forgetting", memory decay.
- Considered a LEARNING process, learn that CS no longer predicts the US. |
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Term
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS
Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent, irrational or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| A process used to produce extinction of phobia through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation. |
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Term
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND DRUG EFFECT
- Stimuli associated with drug use can signal body to prepare for impending drug so users needs more drug to attain an effect.
- In the absence of stimuli, the same dose produces more powerful effect (even death). e.g. Heroin overdose when taking it in a novel setting. |
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Term
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Definition
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND DRUG EFFECT
-Certain stimuli associated with use of drugs come to elicit intense cravings for drug. |
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Term
| Conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
A form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus elicits an aversive reaction after it is paired with illness.
- Requires only one conditioning trial
- Delay between CS and US can be up to 12 hours. |
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Term
| Biological Predispositions |
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Definition
- As opposed to the behaviourists assumption that all associations could be made equally well, we seem biologically prepared to make certain associations better than others.
- John Garcia: Biological constraints on learning (e.g. Rats associate taste with nausea but not sight. Birds of prey do the opposite) |
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Definition
- Behaviours that operate on the environment to produce rewarding or aversive results.
- Increased through REINFORCEMENT
- Decreased through PUNISHMENT |
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Definition
| - Form of associative learning in which associations are made between behaviours and their outcomes. |
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Definition
| Rewarded behaviour is stamped in, unrewarded behaviour is stamped out. |
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Definition
- Interested in the "law of effect"
- User the term "operant" to describe behaviours that operate on the world
- Discovered principles of reinforcement and punishment |
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Term
| Operant chamber (Skinner box) |
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Definition
- Simple chamber with lever to obtain food pellets, and a signal for food availability (a light or speaker)
- Used to systematically examine acquisition and persistence of operant behaviours by manipulating stimuli |
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Definition
| The process that INCREASES the likelihood of a behaviour |
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Definition
- Any experience (consequence of a behaviour) that leads to reinforcement
- Primary reinforcer
- Secondary reinforcer |
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Definition
| Satisfies biological need (will work for food) |
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Definition
| Learned reinforcers through associations with primary reinforcers |
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Definition
| the first region where olfactory information reaches the brain on its way from the nose |
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Definition
- Located in Cerebral Cortex
- Plastic
- Responsible for detection of odours |
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Definition
- Olfactory bulb sends information to the amygdala and hippocampus
- Able to link emotions, fear and memories with certain smells |
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Definition
| - A relay station in the brain for all senses except olfactory |
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Definition
- Part of the cortex responsible for disgust
- Can be activated when we smell or taste something revolting
- Also activated with repulsive visual images |
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Definition
| inability to smell - smell disorder |
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| inability to taste - taste disorder |
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Definition
Tactile Receptor Cell
- transduce information about light to moderate pressure on skin |
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Definition
Tactile Receptor Cell
- Located deep in skin
- Register heavy pressure and movement of joints |
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Definition
a small group of neurons in the hypothalamus responsible for coordinating the many rhythms of the body. Including circadian rhythms.
- Prompts the pineal gland to release melatonin |
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Definition
| a pre-sleep period often characterized by vivid sensory phenomena |
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Definition
- A misalignment of the eyes when attempting to focus on an object.
- Occurs in 2 o 4 % of cases. |
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Term
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Definition
- Partial or complete loss of vision due to abnormal development of the brain's visual cortex in infancy.
- Strabismus is the most common cause of amblyopia. |
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