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| The psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual's behavior in different situations and at different times |
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| Relatively stable personality pattern, including temperaments, traits, and personality types |
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| The internal working of the personality, involving motivation, emotion, perception, and learning, as well as unconscious processes |
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| The view, common in the Euro-American worl, that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction |
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| The view, common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction |
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| Four body fluids - Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile - that, according to an ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance |
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| A general term that includes the temperament, trait, and type approaches to personality |
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| Multiple stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions |
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| A trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimensions (Also known as the big five): openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
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| A widely used personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits. Also called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
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| An attribute of a psychological test that gives consistent results |
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| An attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what is being used to measure |
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| Condition involving a chronioc, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control |
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| Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) |
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| A widely used personality test based on Jungian types |
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| A group of theories that originated with Freud. All emphasize motivation - often unconscious motivation - and the influence of the past on the development of mental disorders |
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| Social-Cognitive Theories |
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| A group of theories that involve explanations of limited, but important, aspects of personality (e.g., locus of control). All grew out of experimental psychology |
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| A group of personality theories that focus on human growth and potential, rather than on mental disorder. All emphasize the functioning of the individual in the present, rather than on the influence of past events |
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| A method of treating mental disorders that is based on Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The goal of psychoanalysis is to release unacknowledged conflicts, urges, and memories from the unconscious. (In common usage, the term often refers broadly both to Freud's psychoanalytic treatment method |
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| Freud's theory of personality an mental disorder |
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| In Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the individual is not aware but that is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts unavailable to consciousness |
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| The Freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure |
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| The primitive, unconscious portion of the personality that houses the most basic drives and stores repressed memories |
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| The mind's storehouse of values, including moral attitudes learned from parents and from society; roughly the same as the common notion of conscience |
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| The conscious, rational part of the personality, charged with keeping peace between the superego and the id |
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| Successive, instinctive developmental phases in which pleasure is associated with stimulation of different bodily areas at different times of life |
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| According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers |
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| The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent |
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| Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage |
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| A largely unconscious mental strategy employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety |
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| An unconscious process that excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory |
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| Personality assessment instrument, such as the Rorschach and TAT, which is based on Freud's ego defense mechanism of projection |
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| Rorschach Inkblot Technique |
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| A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of ten inkblots |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| A projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures |
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| Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts |
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| Literally "New Freudian"; refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality |
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| Jung's term for that portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to the Freudian id. |
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| Jung's addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive "memories," including the archetypes, which exist in all people |
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| One of the ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. Archetypes appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world |
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| The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience - one's own thoughts and feelings - making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extravert |
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| The Jungian personality dimension that involves turning one's attention outward, toward others |
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| An emotion, proposed by Karen Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment |
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| Signs of neurosis in Horney's theory, the ten needs are normal desires carried into a neurotic extreme |
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| Self-Actualizing Personality |
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| A healthy individual who has met his or her basic needs and is free to be creative and fulfill his or her potentialities |
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| Carl Rogers's term for healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality |
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| Our psychological reality, composed of one's perceptions and feelings |
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| A recent movement within psychology, focusing on desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology |
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| A form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others' behavior and the consequences of the behavior |
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| The process in which cognitions, behavior, and the environment mutually influence each other |
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| A perspective on personality and treatment that emphasizing the family, rather than the individual, as the basic unit of analysis |
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| Implicit Personality Theory |
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| A persons' set of unquestioned assumptions about personality, used to simplify the task of understanding others |
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| The "Stories one tells about oneself. Self-narratives help people sense a thread of consistency through their personality over time |
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| A common self-narrative identified by McAdams in generative Americans. The redemptive self involves a sense of being called to overcome obstacles in the effort to help others |
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| The process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations. In Erikson's theory, generativity is the developmental challenge of midlife |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| The dual tendency to overemphasize internal, dispositional causes and minimize external, situational pressures. The FAE is more common in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures |
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| Either switching theories to explain different situations or building one's own theory of personality from pieces borrowed from many perspectives |
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| Person-Situation Controversy |
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| A theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior |
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