Term
| what is psychology the science of |
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Definition
| behavior (observable actions of person) & mind (individual's sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives)... |
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Term
| what are the three types of BIOLOGICAL causal explanations used in psych? |
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Definition
| neural, genetic, evolutionary |
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Term
| what are five other types of causal explanation (not biological) |
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Definition
| learning, cognitive, social, cultural, developmental |
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Term
| Who opened the first university-based psychology laboratory? (also what year) |
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Definition
| Wilhelm Wundt, in Germany in 1879 |
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Term
| What are the 3 fundamental ideas of psych? |
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Definition
| 1. behavior and mental experiences have physical causes (so they can be scientifically analyzed) 2. A person's environment shapes how they think feel and behave 3.The body's machinery is a product of evolution by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| each human being consists of two distinct but intimately conjoined entities, a material body and an immaterial soul |
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Term
| what did descartes initial research show? |
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Definition
| body is intricate complex machine that generates its own heat and does not need a "soul" to move |
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Term
| how did Descartes define thought? |
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Definition
| conscious deliberation and judgement |
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Term
| what did Descartes say about the (nonphysical) soul? |
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Definition
| acts on body at a particular physical location (pineal body) between two brain hemispheres |
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Term
| why does Descartes theory as a philosophy falter? |
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Definition
| does not explain how a non-material entity can affect a material entity or how the body can follow natural law and be moved by a soul that does not. |
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Term
| what did Hobbes argue in Leviathan and what is the philosophy known as today? |
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Definition
| Hobbes argued the spirit (soul) is meaningless and nothing exists but matter and energy. NOW KNOWN AS MATERIALISM! |
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Term
| What school of thought did Hobbes help inspire? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did Francois Mergendie demonstrate in 1822 |
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Definition
| demonstrated two separate nerve pathways: one carrying messages to central nervous system from skin’s sensory receptors and one for carrying messages out to move muscles. Scientists found brain areas could enhance or inhibit automatic withdrawal responses. |
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Term
| What did reflexology say? |
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Definition
| All human behaviors occur through reflexes. I.M. Sechenov said that all human actions are initiated by stimuli in the environment |
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Term
| what is localization of function in the brain? |
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Definition
| the idea that specific parts of the brain serve specific functions in the production of mental experience and behavior. |
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Term
| what did Pierre Flourens do to animals? |
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Definition
| damaged their brains to show damage in different parts produces different effects |
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Term
| what did Paul Broca show? |
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Definition
| People who suffer injury to a very specific part of brain's left hemisphere lost ability to speak but do not lose other mental abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| (carried out by John Locke, David Hartley, James Mill, John Stuart Mill) the idea that human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience. THEY ARGUED THAT THOUGHTS ARE NOT PRODUCTS OF FREE WILL BUT REFLEXIONS OF ONES EXPERIENCES IN PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT |
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Term
| define law of association by contiguity |
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Definition
| if a person experiences two stimuli at same time or one right after the other, those two events will be associated in person's mind |
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Term
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Definition
| complex ideas and thoughts are formed from combinations of elementary ideas much as chemical compounds are formed from combinations of chemical elements |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that some knowledge and rules of operation are NATIVE to the human mind (they are inborn and do not have to be acquired from experience) |
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Term
| who lead nativist philosophy? |
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Definition
| Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Immanuel Kant |
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Term
| do psychologists strive to explain mental experiences and behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is learning level? what is cognitive level? what is developmental level? |
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Definition
| individuals prior experiences with the environment as cause. the individuals knowledge or beliefs as cause, the person's age as cause |
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Term
| what do behavioral neuroscientists study? |
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Definition
| how nervous system produces specific type of experience or behavior |
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Term
| what do cognitive psychologists study? |
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Definition
| relate any behavioral action or mental experience to the items of mental info that underlie that action or experience |
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Term
| what do cultural psychologists do? |
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Definition
| refer to the unique history, economy, and religious or philosophical traditions of a culture to explain the values norms and habits of its people |
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Term
| what are the things that may lead to mental disorders? |
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Definition
| differences in: the nervous system, genes, learning experiences, beliefs or expectations gained from learning, social pressures |
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Term
| what is clinical psychology? |
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Definition
| the specialty is concerned with helping people who have mental disorders or less serious psych problems |
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Term
| are people fascinated by extraodinary claims and often act as though they want to believe them? |
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Definition
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Term
| what were the quantitative and qualitative strategies Pfungst used to disprove the horse "clever hans" ? |
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Definition
| quantitative: percentage answers gotten right with/without blinders. qualitative: looking for signals given by handlers |
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Term
| what is the problem of observer expectancy effects? |
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Definition
| observers (researchers) unintentionally communicate their expectations about how subject SHOULD behave (sways answer of subject) |
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Term
| what are the three types of research strategies? elaborate: |
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Definition
1. research design (three basic types: experiments, correlational studies, descriptive studies)
2. The setting in which study is conducted (field and laboratory)
3. The data-collection method (self report and observation) |
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Term
| what is the difference between WITHIN-SUBJECT EXPERIEMENTS and BETWEEN-GROUP EXPERIMENTS? |
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Definition
within-subject experiment: the different conditions of the IV are applied to each subject
between-groups: the different conditions are applied across the different groups of subjects |
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Term
| what is random assignment? |
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Definition
| random assignment is used in between-group studies to prevent the possibility that groups differ at the outset of experiment in some SYSTEMATIC WAY THAT COULD BIAS THE RESULTS |
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Term
| define correlational study |
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Definition
| a study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable but observes or measures two or more variables to find relationships between them (parents style of ruling vs. children's behavior) |
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Term
| can cause and effect be determined from a correlational study? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| describing the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without systematically investigating realtionships between variables (courtship behavior of ducks to show movements involved!) (JANE GOODALL AS WELL) |
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Term
| define naturalistic observation |
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Definition
| researcher avoids interfering with subject's behavior |
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Term
| descriptive vs. inferential stats |
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Definition
descriptive: are used to summarize sets of data
inferential: help researchers decide how confident they can be in judging that the results observed are not due to chance. |
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Term
| when both variables are measured numerically, the strength and direction of the relationship can be assessed by a statistic called the... |
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Definition
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Term
| what do inferential stats do? |
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Definition
| inferential statistical methods, applied to either an experiment or a correlational study, are procedures for calculating the probability that the observed results could derive from chance alone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| when are results STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT? |
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Definition
| if the value of p is less than 5 percent! (.05). To say this means that the probability is small the results would be caused by chance alone. |
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Term
| when are results STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT? |
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Definition
| if the value of p is less than 5 percent! (.05). To say this means that the probability is small the results would be caused by chance alone. |
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Term
| what are the three components of a test of statistical significance? |
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Definition
1. the size of the observed effect (larger dif between mean scores between 2 different groups)
2. the number of individual subjects or observations (if the # of subjects or observations is huge, then even very small effects will be statistically significant)
3. the variability of the data within each group |
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Term
| differentiate between positive and negative correlation: |
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Definition
Positive correlation: increase increase
Negative correlation: increase in one variable coincides with a tendency for the other variable to decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| nonrandom effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the research hypothesis |
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Term
| what is the best way to prevent observer-expectancy effects? |
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Definition
| The best way to prevent observer-expctancy effects is to keep the observer blind—that is, uniformed—about those aspects of the study’s design that could lead to expectations about the outcome. |
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Term
| what are subject-expectancy effects? |
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Definition
| Subject-expectancy effects- people who take a drug may subsequently behave or feel a certain way simply because they believe the drug causes such a behavior or feeling. |
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Term
| what is a double-blind experiment? |
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Definition
| Double-blind experiment: an experiment in which both the observer and the subjects are kept blind. (observers are not told who got placebo and who did not get placebo) |
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Term
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Definition
| the change within an individual brought on by learning that can influence the individual's future behavior. ALSO: all of the information in a person's mind and the mind's capacity to store and retrieve that information |
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Term
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Definition
| (for practical purposes consciousness is) the experiencing of one's own mental events in such a manner that one can report on them to others |
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Term
| In general do cognitive models attempt to explain how mental tasks are accomplished at the neural level? |
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Definition
| HELL NO (however, in recent years, cognitive psychologists have attempted to match up the compartments of their hypothetical models with physical locations in the brain) |
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Term
| what does the modal model of the mind portray three types of? and what are these three types? |
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Definition
| MEMORY STORES! sensory memory, short term (working) memory, long-term memory |
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Term
| what are the control processes of the mind? |
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Definition
| attention, rehearsal, encoding, retrieval |
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Term
| how long does some trace of sensory input stay in your information processing system? |
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Definition
| less than one second for sights, and up to several seconds for sounds. CALLED SENSORY MEMORY |
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Term
| Is a separate sensory-memory store believed to exist for each sensory system? |
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Definition
| YES! (but only vision and hearing have been studied extensively) |
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Term
| what two competing needs does our attention meet? |
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Definition
1.focus mental resources on task at hand and not be distracted by other stuff
2. monitor stimuli that are irrelevant to the task at hand and to shift attention immediately to anything that signals some danger or benefit that outweighs the task. |
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Term
| what is preattentive processing? |
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Definition
| analysis occurs at an unconscious level |
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Term
| what is auditory sensory memory called? |
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Definition
| ECHOIC MEMORY! the brief memory trace for a specific sound is called the ECHO |
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Term
| what is visual sensory memory called? |
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Definition
| ICONIC MEMORY and the breif memory trace for a specific visual stimulus is called the ICON |
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Term
| according to some psychologists can the capacity to attend to several items at once be increased with practice? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the activation, by sensory input, of information that is already stored in long-term memory |
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Term
| Stroop interference effect |
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Definition
| a color is written in a different color than it represents and it takes readers longer to read the color of the word than the color the word represents because people have the inability to prevent themselves from reading the word |
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Term
| what three general conclusions have emerged from studies of brain mechanisms of preattentive processing and attention? |
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Definition
1. stimuli that are not attended to nevertheless activate sensory and perceptual areas of the brain
2. Attention magnifies the activity that stimuli produce in sensory and perceptual areas of the brain
3. Neural mechanisms in anterior (forward) portions of the cortex are responsible for shifts in attention |
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Term
| what are three things involved in a choice decision reaction time? |
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Definition
1. sense and detect stimulus
2. decide whether + or - sign
3. respond (by pressing A or Z key) |
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Term
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Definition
| shown in doing a simple vs choice reaction time = the time it takes for you to make a decision |
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Term
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Definition
| William James wrote book called "Principles of Psychology" what is the FUNCTION and how does it serve the REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF SPECIES!? |
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Term
| what are functionalists the fathers of? |
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Definition
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Term
| who were the behaviorists and what is the Law of effect? |
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Definition
| John Watson and B.F. Skinner around 1913 said we should measure psychology by observable events. Law of effect=behaviors that are followed by positive consequences tend to repeated. |
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Term
| why did psychoanalysts and behaviorists say about language? |
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Definition
| psychoanalysts said words were really important but behaviorists said language isn't observable, they would call it "verbal behavior" |
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Term
| what would behavioral psychologists do to "Tony" a person who experiences dissociative identity disorder? |
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Definition
| Use shocks and rewards to only exhibit the original Tony |
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Term
| what was HM's problem? what COULD he do? |
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Definition
| had epilepsy and the treatment used to cure him removed part of brain responsible for epileptic seizures. Part of hippocampus missing because of procedure. he had NO SHORT OR LONG TERM MEMORY....however he did have procedural memory (he could shave, change a tire, and type! ) |
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Term
| what are the four measures of central tendency? |
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Definition
| purpose, mean, median, mode |
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Term
| 6 steps of standard deviation: |
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Definition
Understanding standard deviation
-On average how much does each score differ from the mean
1. find mean of a set of scores
2. subtract each score in the set from the mean
3. square each difference (gets rid of negatives)
4. Add all the squared differences (analogous to computing mean)
5. divide by 1 less than total number of scores
6.Take the square root of the result |
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Term
| is only having the mean in an experiment useful? |
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Definition
| HELL NO! THE MEAN ALONE IS MEANINGLESS, WHITHOUT THE STD I DON’T HAVE ANY IDEA WHAT THE MEAN HAPPENS TO BE. |
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Term
| What was the Milgrim experiment? |
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Definition
| THE SHOCK EXPERIMENT where 60% of participants gave lethal shocks to the actors answering the questions! |
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Term
| is compensation contingent upon completion? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Neurons AID COMMUNICATION until you execute a behavior.
Neuron uses chemo-electric communication, both chemical aspects and electrical aspects |
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Term
| what is myelin sheath and what does it do? |
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Definition
| a layer of fat (found mostly in motor neurons). Main goal is to speed communication |
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Term
| describe the resting state of a neuron |
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Definition
| more sodium outside, more K+ inside, INSIDE MORE NEGATIVE! protein molecules negative charge |
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Term
| what is general resting potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens during action potential? |
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Definition
neuron stimulated
-channels (gates) in membrane open
-POSITIVE SODIUM IONS RUSH IN
-LARGE POSITIVE INCREASE IN THAT PORTION OF THE AXON |
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Term
| what is it called when cell slowly becomes more positive? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the broken points between myelin sheath called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rather than having to generate action potential, it essentially “jumps” sort of passively goes down and is regenerated |
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Term
| what is electroencephalogram |
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Definition
| EEG--one of first attempts to visualize brain function. Measures electrical activity in large groups of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
Synaptic gap (space where no physical interaction)
Presynaptic neuron
-action potential reaches the terminal buttons
-vesicles stored in terminal buttons contain neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters released into synaptic gap. |
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Term
| what happens between pre and post synaptic neurons? |
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Definition
*Action potential reaches terminal buttons
-Release of neurotransmitter by presynaptic neuron
-Binds to post synaptic neuron
-Causes action potential in post synaptic neuron |
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Term
| what is parkinson's disease? how can it be fixed? |
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Definition
| temors in legs that evolve into failure to initiate activity. (substantianigra) Use LDOPA which iis a chemical precursor to dopamine and body synthesizes dopamine. |
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Term
| what is prozac (exactly) what does it do? |
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Definition
| Prozac is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor SSRI. It is a treatment for depression |
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Term
| what are the limitations of lesion studies? Also what are limitations of looking at one person's damage due to stroke? |
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Definition
| you don't know how well findings in mice will be synonymous with humans. We don't know how representative that is of whole population (we dont know the extent of the damage as well, there could be damage to other parts) |
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Term
| Is the human brain a SYSTEM? |
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Definition
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Term
| What portion of brain is most recently evolved, differentiates among species? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the cerebral cortex connected by at its two hemispheres? |
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Definition
| HUGE MASSIVE BAND OF NEURONS called corpus callosum (responsible for communicating between right and left hemispheres) |
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Term
| Frontal lobe...prefrontal lobe |
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Definition
| most of motor functions (in front of frontal lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hearing (toward bottom of brain) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Brocas asphaysia vs. Wernickes patients |
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Definition
| Brocas patients could not produce speech BUT they had NO PROBLEMS WITH COMPREHENSION. Wernicke was the opposite, they could talk a lot (nonsense) but they couldn't comprehend |
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Term
| which hemisphere is language dominant in most people? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change in form of energy. receptors (specialized neurons) convert energy from outside world to energy of nervous system |
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Term
| what is adequate stimulus? |
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Definition
| form of energy that will MOST READILY bring about a response in a sensory system (adequate stimulus for vision are photons we see as light) for touch it is pressure |
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Term
| is color a property of light? |
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Definition
| HELL NO Physical properties give rise to perceptual features--how do those get translated into perceptual responses of individual (its in your perceptual response to that stimulus) |
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Term
| how do we perceive color? |
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Definition
| differences in WAVELENGTH |
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Term
| how do we perceive brightness? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| protective mechanism that regulates amount of light |
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Term
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Definition
| Squishy convex shaped structure allows you to focus on things very far away and also very close |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which optic nerve leaves the eye is your blindspot |
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Term
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Definition
| thin tissue that contains neurons called photoreceptors (rods and cones: THEY HAVE PHOTOCHEMICALS that respond to light) |
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Term
| cones (7 million each retina) |
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Definition
| photochemicals in cones respond best to high amplitude light waves. They also respond to color. no good in dark |
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Term
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Definition
respond best to dim illumination
do not respond to color |
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Term
| List steps from retina to perception (there are three) |
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Definition
| Optic nerve, occipital lobe, feature detectors in brain (highly specific, only respond to certain things like vertical lines, horizontal lines, 90 degree angle orientation) |
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Term
| what is the adequate stimulus for vision? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens after light enters eye? |
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Definition
1. enters eye focused on retina
2. neurons with photochemicals (in retina) FIRE ACTION POTENTIAL WHEN EXPOSED TO LIGHT
3. action potential to occipital lobe via optic nerve |
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Term
| how do coclear implants work? |
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Definition
| electrodes implanted in cochlear NEXT TO auditory nerve. microphone on belt receives sound and transmits to electrodes. electrodes DIRECTLY STIMULATE AUDITORY NERVE. complete bypassing of peripheral auditory system. |
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Term
| do people with cochlears have difficulty perceiving music? |
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Definition
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Term
| once you have a cochlear implant can you go back if you don't like it and get a hearing aid? |
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Definition
| HELL NO! It's permanent because it destroys all your hair cells |
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Term
| what frequencies are important to speech? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the adequate stimulus for smell and taste? |
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Definition
| specific chemical compound |
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Term
| what are transducers for smell? |
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Definition
| receptors in nasal passage (respond only to a specific shape of chemical compounds) |
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Term
| what are transducers in taste? |
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Definition
| transducers are taste buds on tongue. |
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Term
| why do tasting after effects occur? |
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Definition
| fatiguing of specific taste buds |
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Term
| what smells are females better at identifying? |
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Definition
| juicy fruit gum, coconut, prune juice |
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Term
| (important) difference between sensation and perception |
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Definition
receptors transduce info: sensation
brain interprets that information:perception |
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Term
| (important) difference between sensation and perception |
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Definition
receptors transduce info: sensation
brain interprets that information:perception |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inability to recognize familiar faces (can identify facial features, cannot recognize individual people) |
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Term
| Define Binocular disparity |
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Definition
| you have two eyes and they are separated in your head and they have different views of the world. THE INTEGRATION OF INFORMATION GIVES YOU DEPTH |
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Term
| (important) can we perceive depth even with one eye? |
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Definition
| YES! (based on experience in real world). Also, size of retinal image (in real world, smaller images on retina mean object is farther away) |
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Term
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Definition
| trapazoidal room, assumption that room is rectangular so people appear to be different sizes because standing on slanted ground--you look through a peep-hole to view them |
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Term
| who were Gestalt psychologists? |
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Definition
| OPPOSITE OF STRUCTURALISTS! School lasted from 1920-1950. want to understand how things operate by looking at the whole (they think you will NEVER understand how things work because we don't base our perception on individual components) |
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Term
| what is the perceptual grouping-principle of closure? |
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Definition
| Complete stimuli to form objects (no clear cues to figure vs. ground) Dalmation picture example |
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Term
| what can context make us see? |
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Definition
| context can make us see things that are not really in the stimulus. (maybe the most powerful effect o |
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Term
| how do we test depth perception in infants? |
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Definition
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Term
| there are a few examples from 9/25/09 not covered in flashcards (cochlear implants, blind example, inverted glasses example) |
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Definition
| read 9/25 lecture notes!!! |
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