Term
| Which Structure is likely to be damaged in parkinson's disease, huntington's Disease, and other conditions that impair movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing are regulated by |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the |
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Definition
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Term
| If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at |
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Definition
| That segment and all segments below it |
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Term
| If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for the sensation of touch? |
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Definition
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Term
| The term pons (meaning "bridge") is named as such because |
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Definition
| Axons within the pons cross over from one side to the other |
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Term
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Definition
| increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli |
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Term
| Someone who suddenly loses the ability to identify objects by feeling them has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that grey matter is |
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Definition
| Densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites |
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Term
| How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What is the name given to this group of structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which division of the nervous system is composed of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| The spinal cord communicates with |
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Definition
| sense organs and muscles below the level of the head |
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Term
| The ___ constitutes as a higher percentage of the brain in primates than in other species of comparable size |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetyocholine is the only neurotransmitter released by |
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Definition
| The parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons |
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Term
| Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ___ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ___ side. |
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Definition
| Contralateral; contralateral |
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Term
| Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Besides problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum would also likely have problems with |
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Definition
| shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli |
|
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Term
| the ascending portion of the reticular formation sends output to |
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Definition
| Much of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| the nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two parts of the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information? |
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Definition
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Term
| A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ monitors all the information about the eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which neurotransmitter is most often used by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| According to the Bell-Magendie law |
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Definition
| Ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information |
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Term
| What is the name given to the cluster of neurons inside the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space area are all: |
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Definition
| Filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations? |
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Definition
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Term
| By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following means "towards the side, away from the midline"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above? |
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Definition
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Term
| When someone tickles you, the tickling sensation will be carried by neurons that are part of the __- nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Which activity is increased by the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing from the senses to the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| One function of the thalamus is to |
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Definition
| Relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| The hippocampus plays a major role in |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the ___ often causes people to lose their social inhibitions and to ignore the rules of polite conduct. |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well-suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT: |
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Definition
| The optic nerve connects there |
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Term
| The bipolar cells send their messages to ___located closer to the center of the eye |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the perception of he intensity of a sound wave called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex result in |
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Definition
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Term
| If you want to see something un fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina |
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Definition
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Term
| The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by |
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Definition
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Term
| An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Magnocellular cells are to ___ as parvocellular cells are to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds? |
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Definition
| Bar in a particular orientation |
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Term
| According to the trichromatic theory of color vision |
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Definition
| Our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones |
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Term
| Which of the following characterizes the blind spot? |
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Definition
| There are no receptor there |
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Term
| Color perception depends mostly on the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| At the level of rids and cones the ___ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells the ___ theory seems to fit best |
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Definition
| Trichormatic; opponent process |
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Term
| The receptive field of a receptor is the |
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Definition
| Point in space from which light strikes the receptor |
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Term
| The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ of a sound is the number of compressions per second |
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Definition
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Term
| Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it |
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Definition
| May return to the primary visual cortex |
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Term
| In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The same frequency as the sound waves that hit it |
|
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Term
| Hows does light excite the rode or cone? |
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Definition
| It converts 11-cos-retinal to all-trans-retinal |
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Term
| In humans that optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway? |
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Definition
| Half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side of the optic chiasm |
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Term
| Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye? |
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Definition
| More receptors in the periphery that in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell |
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|
Term
| Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ___ ganglion cells. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In comparison to cones, rods |
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Definition
| are more sensitive to dim light |
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Term
| Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Branches of the optic nerve goes directly to what areas of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Laytral geniculate and superior colliculus |
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Term
| An __ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells are known as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intensity of a sound wave called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as factors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The stirrup makes the oval window vibrate at the entrance to the |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of |
|
Definition
| Lateral inhibition of the retina |
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Term
| The primary visual cortex sends its information |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do the retinas of predatory birds, such as hawks, differ from the retinas of prey species, such as rats? |
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Definition
| Hawks have a greater density of receptors on the upper half of their retinas than do rats |
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Term
| Light from above our heads strikes the |
|
Definition
| Bottom half of the retina |
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Term
| Which theory of color vision is best applied to explain negative color afterimages? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes |
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Definition
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Term
| The somatosensory system involves sensation of |
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Definition
| The body and its movements |
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Term
| Olfactory receptors carry their message to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve |
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Term
| Itching is primarily the result of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Smoatosensory information travels from the thalamus to which area of the cortex |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the frequency theory the |
|
Definition
| basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with the auditory nerve |
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Term
| Which of the following is true about taste receptors? |
|
Definition
| Are located mainly along the outside edge of the tongue |
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|
Term
| The recpetors for taste are like skin cells in that they |
|
Definition
| Are continuously being replaced |
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Term
| Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The eighth cranial nerve contains both a ___ component and a ___ component |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfaction also plays a subtle role in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the otolith organs, the otolith are calcium particles that |
|
Definition
| Push against hair cells when moved |
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|
Term
| Taste perception in the brain depends on |
|
Definition
| Relative activity of different taste neurons |
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|
Term
| What kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea of the hair cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain chemicals known as endorphins and nekephalins produce effects similar to Which substance? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A Tonotopic map refers to |
|
Definition
| An auditory cortex map of sounds |
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|
Term
| To what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are found in papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located |
|
Definition
| Near, but separate from the olfactory nerve |
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|
Term
| Pain receptors of the skin are |
|
Definition
| Simple, bare neuron endings |
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|
Term
| Reduced response to one taste after exposure to another is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An acceleration of the head in any plane causes |
|
Definition
| The jelly like substance in one of the semicircular canals to push against hair cells |
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|
Term
| The receptors for taste are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Analogous to lateral inhibitions, when olfactory receptors are stimulated they |
|
Definition
| inhibit the activity of other receptors |
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|
Term
| A mild pain stimulus is associated with a release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with conductive deafness |
|
Definition
| Can benefit from surgery or hearing aids |
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|
Term
| After eating salty pretezle, the salty potato chips with taste less salty because of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meissner's corpuscles are |
|
Definition
| Elaborate neurons endings for touch |
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|
Term
| Pacinian corpuscles respond best to |
|
Definition
| Rapid mechanical pressure |
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|
Term
| The vestibular organ consists of |
|
Definition
| Otolith organs and semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
| The sensory aspect of pain activates the ___ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ___ cortex. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both a sensory and a motor component |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following assumptions is necessary for the place theory of pitch perception, but not for the frequency theory? |
|
Definition
| Various auditory neurons respond best to different wavelengths |
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vestibular system detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which two factors determine whether or not there will be a sound shadow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-inflammatory drugs, sich as ibuprofen, relieve pain by |
|
Definition
| Reducing the release of chemicals from damaged tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Derived from cholesterol, contain four carbon rings n exert their effect in three ways |
|
|
Term
| Bind to membrane of receptors like neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entering cells and activate certain kinds of proteins in the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binding to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special kind of steroids, released mostly by gonads and to a lesser degree by the adrenal glands. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of sex hormones that include testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Include esterdol and others |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Prepares uterus, maintains pregnancy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Activated by androgens or estrogens and control most differences between males and females |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Programed cell death; controlled by sex hormones |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Occur mostly at sensitive stages of development and determine sex of the individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occur at any point in life and temporarily activate a certain response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Precursors to other male reproductive organs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Precursors to the female's oviducts, uterus, and upper vagina |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| causes primate gonads to form into testes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Induces the production of male reproductive organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Periods in when hormones have ling lasting effects. Appropriate level of testosterone during this period leads to formation of male anatpmy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modify various aspects of the development of the brain and internal sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area in anterior hypothalamus that is larger in males and contributes to male sexual behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in blood during sensitive periods. Binds to estrogens and prevents them from binding to developing cells. Testosterones can still enter into the cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the key to understanding cognitive psychology? |
|
Definition
| Attempt to study electrical fields and currents in the brain and correlate this cortical activity with sensory perception (cognitive processing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speed of information processing (frequency) cycles per second (hz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of information processing per-stimulus baseline |
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|
