Term
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Definition
| therapsit tries to create the right conditions in which the client can change him or herself. A good Rogerian therapist reflects back the person's feelings and thoughts, so that the person can examine them in full and undistorted detail. |
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Term
| client-centered therapy core conditions |
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Definition
| 1. an atmosphere of genuine acceptance on the part of the therapist. 2. therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the client(accepts everything the client says without passing judgement on the client) 3. empathic understanding (client must feel therapist understands them) |
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Term
| Client-centered therapy cont... |
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Definition
| aka person-centered or non-directive therapy 1. focus on clients feelings esp. feelings. 2. noncoercive approach (contrast to "objectifying" medical model therapies) 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. therapist w/in the relationship. *therapist matches their experience *should be genuine and transparent |
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| 1. therapist toward client; offers acceptance not contingent on particular behaviors (aka "prizing"). *Accepts of self, previously repressed, become available -->trust personal experience |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. of clients personal frame of reference. *involves restating client's communications. criticized as "parroting" +change of pronouns. ex. i feel sad. therapist "you feel sad". if too hasty, therapist may verbalize feelings client has not yet expressed. |
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Term
| Empathic Understanding: suggestions for research |
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Definition
| less impt what therapist does, rather what client's perception of being empathically understood. |
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Term
| Empathic Understanding: Empathic falure |
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Definition
| may occur when experience, background, culture etc. between client and therapist are too different. |
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Term
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Definition
| *emphasize the role of choice in human life, as well as the influence of responsiblity on creating a meaningful and satisfying life. *emphasis on the human need for growth and realization of one's potential. *motivation as the need to grow, to become what one is meant to be. |
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Term
| Different forms of humanistic therapy |
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Definition
| 1. Hierarchy of needs 2. client-centered therapy. 3. self-actualization |
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Term
| Roger's concept of an inner tendency |
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Definition
| formative tendency- general tendency toward development. human form = actualizing tendency. Leads to differentiation, independence, and social responsibility. Our behavior is rational. |
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Term
| Rogers' definition of a healthy person |
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Definition
| 1. Openness to Experience 2. Existential Living 3.Organismic Trusting 4. Experimental Freedom 5. Creativity. |
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Term
| Roger's proposal of the requirements for successful therapy |
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Definition
| 1. Congruence 2. Unconditional Positive regard 3. Empathic Understanding |
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Term
| Humanistic (esp Rogers) approach to handlAing threating events:Functioning person |
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Definition
| A fully functioning person could change his or her self-concept on what they see as a threat or what makes them anxious and incorporate that experience. |
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Term
| Characteristics of a "peak" experience (Maslow) |
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Definition
| capacity for mystical experience -- "Peakers"; triggered by a variety of events: nature, religion, meditation, even sex. *not experienced by all self-act. people but more likely, Maslow admired those who did (transending) then non-peakers (merely healthy). *Not always reported -- private. *more than doing something very well. *though less likely, may occur at lower levels, among non-self act. (even in childhood) |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
| 1. Physiological Needs 2.Safety Needs 3.Belongingness and Love Needs 4. Esteem Needs 5. Need for Self-Actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| Need for food, water, sleep, and sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| safe situation, unthreatened. ensure safety and security. |
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Term
| Belongingness and Love Needs |
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Definition
| love and friendship, giving as well as receiving it. Includes sex as an expression of affection. |
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Term
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Definition
| self-respect and the esteem of others. Later should be stable and firmly based. |
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Term
| Need for Self-Actualization |
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Definition
| desire to become everything one is capable of. driven by boredom when all other levels are meet. |
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Term
| Maslow's preferred individual for studying in developing his theory. |
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Definition
| uses two scales to measure preferred individual for developing his theory. 1. Inner Directed Support Scales - degree to which subject provides own support. 2. Time Competence Scale - degree to which subject lives in the present. People who score higher are self actualized. |
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Term
| Equations that predict behavior in situations |
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Definition
| 1. Behavior is a function of personality traits, B = f(P). 2. Behavior is a function of situational forces, B = f(S). 3. Personality and situations interact to produce behavior, B = f(PxS). Behavior is a function of the interaction between personal traits and situational forces |
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Term
Situations, Behavior, and Personality:
Situational Selection |
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Definition
| the tendency to choose the situations on which one finds oneself. The idea that personality influences the kinds of situations in which people spend their time suggest that we can investigate personality by studying the choices people make in life. When given a choice , people typically choose situations that fit their personalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| certain personality traits may evoke specific responses from the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| various means by which people influence the behavior of others. the intentional use of certain tactics to coerce, influence, or change others. |
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Term
| Research on traits and cheating |
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Definition
| Traits will exhibit some consistency across situations. Trait psychologist have traditionally believed that people's personalities show consistency from situation to situation. ex. if person is friendly, then he is friendly at work, school, activities, strangers, authority figures etc. Cross-situational consistency, observed low correlation that kids who cheat at sports are likely to cheat in a test. low cross-situational correlations for the traits of helpfulness and self-control. |
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Term
| Mischel's basic arguments that spawned his approach/perspective on personality. |
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Definition
"With the possible exception of intelligence, highly generalized behavioral consistencies have not been demonstrated, and the concept of personality traits is broad predispostionsis thus untenable". in other words: predispositions about behavior is not accurately determined, more based on situation on how person acts.
*emphasis on interaction of the situation. |
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Term
| Relationship between personalities and behavior |
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Definition
*average relationship between self-report personality measures =.30 --> personality coefficient.
Cognitive person variables- include consideration of trait labels, encoding strategies, and personal constructs, determine how situation affects behavior. |
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Term
| Factors affecting delay of gratification |
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Definition
| 1. Delay more difficult if reward is visible, and child is thinking about pleasure of reward. 2. Attending to symbolically presented rewards (pictures of rewards) increases delay of gratification. 3. by age 5, development of strategies for waiting. 4. delay improved by exposure to models who delay own gratification. 5. mothers did poorly which technique would help their kids. 6. preschool children higher delay of gratification rated higher by parents on cognitive and social competence when jr./sen. in hs. 7. children's ability to control impulses, "ego control" stable over time. |
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Term
| Roger's humanistic approach to handling threatening events: less functional person |
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Definition
| A less functioning person response to anxiety is to alter the experience using a defense mechanism (distortion-modifying the meaning of experiences to make them less threatening to the self-image). ex. girl who is smart in hs, does not get good grades in college. instead of accepting she isn't that smart, she alters her experience and takes easier classes then classes she is interested in to get better grades. |
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Term
| Know hormone and chromosome-based anomalies and their outcomes (i.e. physical, physiological, psychological, social). |
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Definition
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
1)small penis or large vaginal fold
2)lots of testosteroine but not receptors.
Clinfelders- taller, slendor, less IQ
XYY-more criminal like, get caught easier, lower IQ.
XXXY- more feminine
Turner's Syndrome- 1)shorter neck, flat chest, web fingers, baby fat on cheek.
2)very feminine
3)1 in 2000
4)15% of spontaneous abortions and miscarriages. |
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Term
| Judging personalities of others |
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Definition
| It is not possible to predict people all of the time but only some of the time. |
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