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| a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings |
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| rapid eye movement, dreams occur |
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| found to originate from the occipital lobe during periods of relaxation or sleep, with eyes closed but still awake |
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| a large, slow (2 Hz or less) brain wave recorded with an EEG and is usually associated with deep sleep. |
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| is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep |
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| occurs in stage four, wake up very scared |
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| dream extra to make up for lost dreams |
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| effects of REM deprivation |
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| when you do go to sleep you fall right into REM sleep |
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| usually occurs in older people, results in acting out dream |
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| sleep & dreams from birth to old age |
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| lots of REM as child, declines w/age |
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| hypnosis sending them back to an age, no evidence |
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| saying something will happen after hypnosis |
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a state of acute mental decompensation in which certain thoughts, emotions, sensations, and/or memories are compartmentalized because they are too overwhelming for the conscious mind to integrate. This subconscious strategy for managing powerful negative emotions is sometimes referred to as "splitting", as these thoughts, emotions, sensations, and/or memories are "split off" from the integrated ego.
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| only really relaxes you, doesn't do much else |
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| a response people make without learning anything (salivation to food) |
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| learned response (salivating to bell) |
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| unnatural stimulus (bell) |
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| the reemergence of a conditioned response which has been previously extinguished. Spontaneous recoveries tend to yield somewhat muted responses in which extinction occurs more readily |
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| once you learn something, you sometimes generalize it to other situations |
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| need to be able to tell between safe/unsafe situations |
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| operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior. Operant behavior "operates" on the environment and is maintained by its consequences, while classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of respondent behaviors which are elicited by antecedent conditions |
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| alter something usually done (dog walking through hoop/jumping) |
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| lack of punishment as a reward |
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| something necessary (food) |
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| secondary (conditioned) reinforcer |
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| something necessary to get primary reinforcer (money) |
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| get reward if one does act certain amount of times |
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| uses averages based on response (slot machine) |
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| certain amount of time has to pass before reward |
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| undefined time has to pass before reward |
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punishment is not negative reinforcement
one will work to avoid punishment |
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| when you are exposed to a stimulus you respond, if you are exposed too much you will get used to it |
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| conditioning that occurs when an animal gets rewarded for something that is irrelevant (lucky socks example) |
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| working memory, can hold information for a short time |
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| stores memory over long periods of time |
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| items that are repeated during list learning are remembered better if their two presentations are spread out over time (spaced presentation) than immediately one after the other (massed presentation) |
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| remember things at beginning and end of a list |
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| often verbal, something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember something, particularly lists |
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| a technique for memorizing many things and has been practiced since classical antiquity. It is a type of mnemonic link system based on places (loci, otherwise known as locations), used most often in cases where long lists of items are concerned. It was taught for many centuries as a part of the curriculum in schools, enabling an orator to easily remember a speech or students to easily remember many things at will |
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| a mnemonic technique for memorizing lists. It works by pre-memorizing a list of words that are easy to associate with the numbers they represent(1 to 10, 1-100, 1-1000, etc). Those objects form the "pegs" of the system. Then in the future, to rapidly memorize a list of arbitrary objects, each one is associated with the appropriate peg. |
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| picture in the retina/mind |
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| an echo of something you just heard |
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| can remember seven bits of imformation at once +/-2 |
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longterm potentiation
(synaptic memory) |
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| strengthening in a synaptic pathway that occurs when neurons are stimulated together |
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| a memory that was laid down in great detail during a personally significant event, often a shocking event of national or international importance. These memories are perceived to have a "photographic" quality. The term was coined by Brown and Kulik (1977), who found highly emotional memories (e.g. hearing bad news) were often vividly recalled, even some time after the event. |
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| converts memory from short to long term |
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| distinctive items are remembered better than ordinary items, exception to serial positon |
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| piece of information it takes to reduce uncertainty by 1/2 |
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| you remember better in the same state/place |
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| you remember better in the same mood/emotional state |
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| forgetting that occurs when something learned first interferes w/something learned later |
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| things you learn second interferes w/what is learned first |
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| is a memory bias that occurs when misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory. |
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| reconstructive property of memory |
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| memory reconstructs itself (misinformation effect) |
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| a form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occurred before the onset of amnesia. |
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| a state of confusion that occurs immediately following a traumatic brain injury in which the injured person is disoriented and unable to remember events that occur after the injury.[1] The person may be unable to state his or her name, where he or she is, and what time it is |
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| exhaustion of all possibilities |
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| obsession with connection to someone/thing |
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| a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. |
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| representativness heuristic |
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| based on similar situation |
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| people base their prediction of the frequency of an event or the proportion within a population based on how easily an example can be brought to mind number based |
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| an inevitable process of selective influence over the individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases |
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| things that are far from average move back to average over time |
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| the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions. |
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