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| Definition of Lifespan development |
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Definition
Development: Stability and change over time. Lifespan: From prenatal development to death. |
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Term
| Three themes (dichotomies) |
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Definition
1. Nature--Nurture 2. Continuity--Discontinuity 3. Universal--Context Specific |
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Definition
Nature: Biological Nurture: Environmental or Experience |
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Term
Continuity--Discontinuity |
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Definition
Continuity: Smooth Transitions Discontinuity: Abrupt Stages |
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Term
| Universal--Context Specific |
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Definition
Universal: One path, Similar across individuals and cultures. Context Specific: Many paths, different depending on particular experience |
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Term
Are Nature vs. Nurture, etc. really dichotomies? Why? |
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Definition
| No, they can both be present in some situations. |
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Term
Four factors of biopsychosocial framework. |
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Definition
1. Biological Forces 2. Psychological Forces 3. Sociocultural Factors 4. Life-cycle Forces |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic and health factors. |
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Definition
Perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors. |
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Definition
Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. |
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Definition
| Personality develops across lifespan through sequence of stages. |
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Definition
| Behavior determined by experience. |
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Definition
| a consequence that increases the further likelihood of behavior that it follows. |
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Definition
| A consequence that decreases the further likelihood of the behavior that it follows. |
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Term
| Four components of Brofenbrenner's ecological theory. |
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Definition
1. Microsystem 2. Mesosystem 3.Exosystem 4. Macrosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of the people and objects in n individual's immediate environment. |
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Definition
Interrelations between different microsystems. |
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Definition
| social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development. |
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Term
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Definition
| the subcultures and cutures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded. |
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Term
What characteristics did Baltes use to describe lifespan development? |
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Definition
1. Multidirectionality 2. Plasticity 3. historical Context 4. Multiple causation |
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Term
| What is the goal of correlation research? |
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Definition
| Seek relation among factors. Measure direction and strength of relation. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What is the goal of experimental research? |
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Definition
| To see what causes a particular behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
The factor being manipulated |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior being observed |
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Term
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Definition
1. Longitudinal Studies 2. Cross-sectional studies 3. Sequential Studies |
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Term
| Longitudinal- Strengths and weeknesses |
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Definition
Strengths: Only way to chart and individual's development and look at the stability of behavior over time. Weeknesses: Expensive, Participants drop out |
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Term
| Cross-sectional - strengths and weeknesses |
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Definition
Strengths: convenient. Solves all problems associated with longitudinal. Weeknesses: cannot study stability of behavior |
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Term
| Sequential- strengths and weeknesses |
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Definition
Strengths: Best way to address limitation of single longitudinal and cross-sectional Weeknesses: very expensive and time consuming |
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Term
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Definition
| Threadlike structures in the nucleus that contain genetic material |
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Term
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans usually have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do autosomes and sex chromosomes differ? |
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Definition
Autosomes: the first 22 pairs of chromosomes Sex chromosomes: the 23rd chromosome pair |
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Term
| What instructions do genes provide? |
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Definition
1. production of protein 2. regulation of other genes |
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Definition
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Definition
| physical, behavioral, and psychological features |
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Term
| How are genotypes and phenotypes related? |
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Definition
| Genotypes influence phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare the monozygonic twins to dizygonic twins |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare adopted child to biological parents and adoptive parent |
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Term
| Down syndrome: cause and consequence |
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Definition
| Extra 21st chromosome, leads to mental retardation |
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Term
| Events that mark the beginning and end period of a zygote |
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Definition
Beginning: Fertilization
End: Implantation in uterus wall |
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Term
| What events mark the beginning and end stages of the embryo? |
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Definition
Beginning: Implantation
End: Organogenesis |
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Term
| What events mark the beginning and end stages of the fetus? |
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Definition
Beginning: Cartilage turns to bone
End: Birth |
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Term
| What is the age of viability? |
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Definition
| 22-28 weeks, most systems function well enough for a fetus to survive if born |
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Term
| During the age of viability, what are the obstacles of survival? |
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Definition
1. breathing trouble
2. cannot regulate body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development |
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Term
| What factors influence the effects of teratogens? |
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Definition
1. Genotype
2. Timing of exposure
3. Only affects certain aspect(s)
4. Dose
5. Not always evident at birth |
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Term
| Three teratogens and effects. |
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Definition
1. Lead: Mental retardation
2. Caffeine: Lower birth weight, decreased muscle tones
3. Alcohol: Fetal alcohol syndrome, cognitive deficits, heart damage, retarded growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses sound waves to generate image |
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Term
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Definition
| Remove sample of amniotic fluid to analyze fetal DNA |
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Term
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Definition
1. Contractions (12-24 hours)
2. Baby passes through cervix and enters vagina (within 1 hour)
3. Placenta expelled (few minutes) |
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Term
| Risks of preterm birth and low birth weight |
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Definition
| Lag behind full term infants for 1st year, increased risk of blindness, deafness, heart and lung problems, cerebral palsy |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlearned responses that are triggered by a specific form of stimulation |
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Term
| Why do we asses infant reflexes? |
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Definition
| To make sure they are healthy |
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Term
| Four examples of infant reflexes |
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Definition
1. Blink
2. Rooting
3. Sucking
4. Withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| A quick approximate assessment of the newborn's status |
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Term
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Definition
7+: Good physical condition
4-6: Needs special attention
3-: Life-threatening situation that requires emergency medical care |
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Term
| Characteristics of crying in infancy |
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Definition
Basic cry: occurs when baby is hungry or tired, starts softly, then becomes more intense
Mad cry: More intense version of basic cry
Pain Cry: Begins with a sudden long burst of crying, followed by a long pause, and gasping. |
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Term
| Characteristics of sleep in infancy |
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Definition
| 16-18 hours/day, half is REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
1. Heredity
2. Nutrition
3. Affection
4. Health |
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Term
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Definition
| improve communication efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| Messengers that carry information to neurons |
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Term
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Definition
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hemisphere specialized for particular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Sit alone, Crawl, Pull to stand, Walk alone |
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Definition
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Term
| Trends that govern motor development |
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Definition
1. Cephalocaudal
2. Proximodistal |
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Term
| Progression of gross motor milestones |
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Definition
1. Sit alone: 7 months
2. Creep/Crawl: 10 months
3. Pull to stand: 12 months
4. Walk alone: 15 months |
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Term
| Progression of fine motor milestones |
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Definition
1. Reach for object: 4 months
2. Use thumb to grasp objects: 7-9 months |
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Term
| Newborns taste, smell, and touch |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of infant hearing |
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Definition
| Can hear by 7-8 months prenatally. Prefer speech to stimuli over complex sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moms read cat and the hat, infants preferred mothers voice over anyone else. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Developed at birth
2. Visual activity and color limited at birth
3. Difficulty scanning |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing of neural stimulus with conditioned stimulus leads to response like unconditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| Spontaneous behavior modified based on contigency (reinforcement, punishment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Habituation-Dishabituation (like new toy for a little while) |
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Term
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Definition
| Newborns imitate tongue protrusions and mouth openings (Meltzoff and Moore) |
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Term
| What does research evidence suggest regarding infants' ability to imitate |
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Definition
Meltzoff and Moore: Infants imitate
Jones: Expression of infants |
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Term
| Memory paradigm (Rovee-Collier) |
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Definition
| Baseline, acquisition, test 1, (delay), test 2 |
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