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study of how the brain enables the mind
-knowing, or thoughts and ideas
-aims to understand how thot emerges from the brain |
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| belief that brain functions are carried out through the synchronized activity of independent neurons |
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1) unipolar: has only one process (axon+dendrite) extending from cell body
2) bipolar: 2 processes; for sensory processes (auditory, visual, olfactory)
3) pseudounipolar: looks unipolar but actually used to be bipolar (dorsal tract ganglia of spinal cord)
4) multipolar: one axon, many dendrites |
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| Type of cell that takes up half of brain's volume |
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| Glial cells aka "nerve glue" |
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1) Astrocytes
2) Microglial cells
3) Oligodendrocytes (Schwann cells in PNS) |
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- Glial cells that surround neurons
- Contacts blood vessels at end feet = allows ions across vascular wall
- Creates BBB: barrier b/t tissues of CNS and blood |
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Glial cells that devour and remove damaged tissue cells
- can proliferate in adults |
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| Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells |
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Glial cells that form myelin
______ in CNS and _____ in PNS |
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| Spike triggering zone occurs where? |
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| region of neuron that integrates the currents from many synaptic outputs or from stimulation of a sensory neuron |
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| Resting membrane potential |
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| difference in voltage across the neuronal membrane |
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| formed by transmembrane proteins that create pores for ions to pass through |
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- Gated= open or closed by electrical, chemical or physical stimuli
- nongated/passive = always open to certain ions |
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| Neuronal membrane is selectively permeable to ____ (ion) |
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| Ion concentrations at resting state of neuron |
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high Na+ outside and high K+ inside
--> ionic concentration gradient |
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| Electrochemical equilibrium |
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| where concentraton gradient pushing K+ out of the cell = electric gradient keeping K+ in cell |
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| Neurons are volume conductors which means that |
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| currents flow thru them and across their membrane |
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| Overview of signaling (6 detailed steps) |
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1)Synapse activated: active electrical currents generated across cell membrane
2)Currents generate post-synaptic potential
- currents passively conducted (electrotonic conduction)
3)Currents pass thru dendrite+soma; can either depolarize or hyperpolarize
4) if depolarize, trigger act pots in spike triggering zone at axon hillock
5) act pot results in passive currents that flow down the axon
6)passive currents can depolarize parts of axon => generates new act pot and continues down axon to terminals where neuros are released to restart process |
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| Electrotonic (Decremental) Conduction |
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| passive electrical conduction that decrements in signal w/dist away from the source |
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Passive electrotonic currents alter local membrane pot to trigger ____ ___
in specific regions of neuronal membrane |
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| value of membrane potential that axon must be depolarized to elicit action pots |
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| Action potentials are all or none b/c value of generated action potential doesn't change if depolarizing current is higher than threshold |
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| Membrane depolarization opens voltage-gated ____ channels. This ion flowing in further depolarized the neuron |
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| K+ efflux in response to conc/electrical gradient |
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| K+ flows out of cell => hyperpolarizes => refractory period |
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Refractory period in b/t hyperpolarization period and repolarization
2 types: |
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1) Absolute refractory period: Na+ channels inactivated
2) Relative refractory period: act pot possible with larger than normal depolarizing current |
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- mvmt of action pot down axon
- is a continual interplay b/t electrotonic (passive) currents that depolarize and active currents that create more passive currents to flow down axon |
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act pots only need to be generated at Nodes for myelinated neurons
- transmits sigs @ 120m/s |
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Primary: order of aas in a chain
Secondary: long chains of aas coil to form charac. patterns
Tertiary: long strands of coiled aas can fold to form complex 3D structures
Quaternary: tertiary proteins that come together to create a structure |
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| What protein structure do ion channels fall under? |
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| Ion necessary for release of neurotransmitters at presynaptic terminal? |
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transmit info from postsynaptic receptor to ion channels
--> amplifies signal |
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| EPSP: Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential |
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| excitatory = depolarizes = may lead to generation of act pots |
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| IPSP: Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential |
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| dense layer of collagenous fibers surrounding the brain |
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| contains cell bodies of neurons and glial cells |
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| white from fatty myelin surrounding the axons |
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Horseradish Perioxidase (HRP) is what kind of tracer?
What does this mean? |
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| Retrograde tracer = taken up by axons to their cell bodies => shows origination of signal into a particular neural region |
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| diffuse along axons; shows where signal goes |
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| Cerebral cortex contains ____ matter |
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| connects the hemis; largest white matter commissure |
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| white matter tracts that cross from one hemi to the other |
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| 6 main cortical layers w/a high degree of specialization of neuronal organization (90% of cortex) |
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| "paralimbic region" 6 layers as well |
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| has hippocampal complex and primary olfactory cortex (usu. 1-4 layers) |
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"cell architecture"
- how cells in a region appear morphologically and are arranged w/respect to each other (columns too?) |
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| Major function of Frontal Lobe |
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| Planning and execution of movements |
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| 2 important cortices in Frontal Lobe |
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| Prefrontal cortex and Motor cortex |
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| Function of Prefrontal cortex |
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| Integrates info over time for the planning and execution of behavior |
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| Location of Somatosensory cortex |
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| on Parietal lobe/ Postcentral gyrus |
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| Auditory processing in which lobe? |
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| not sensory or motor; regions that get input from many cortical areas, have roles that are not exclusively sensory or motor |
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| amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus... |
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What is basal ganglia?
What is it significant in the control of? |
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- collection of subcortical neuronal groups in forebrain (globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen)
- signif role in control of mvmt |
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| Diencephalon = _____ + _____ |
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| thalamus b/c all sensory modalities make synaptic relays here before going to primary sensory receiving areas |
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controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
-controls functions for homeostasis and release of hormones respectively |
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1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla (pons + medulla = hindbrain) |
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| Medulla is continuous with ____ |
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| Cerebellum connected to brainstem with |
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| Receives input for body position and balance. Controls posture, walking and coordinated mvmt thru integration of info |
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| Part of spinal cord. Projects to motor neurons to coordinate mvmt |
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| Part of spinal cord. Large motor neurons project to muscles |
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Part of PNS, controls actions of smooth muscles, heart and glands and
- sympathetic vs parasympathetic response |
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| norepinephrine, ^HR (blood to muscles), fight or flight |
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| acetylcholine, decrease HR (blood to stomach), maintains body w/ normal functions |
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| Corticogenesis occurs in ____ ____ from precursor cells |
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| undifferentiated cells; form either neurons or glia |
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| Cortex built from _____ ____ bc first neurons to migrate lie in deepest cortical layers and later ones end up nerarer to surface |
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| Neurogenesis occurs in adult humans in what 2 areas? |
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| hippocampus and olfactory bulb |
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| Learning defined according to what happens in brain |
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Definition
| changes in synaptic strength b/t neurons in brain's circuitry |
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| Topography (in cog neuroscience) |
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| Principle that organization of the body is reflected in cortical representation of the body |
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Mapping of specific parts of body to areas of cortex
- Maps alter w/experience |
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