Term
| How many of the 60,000 protozoans are parasitic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cells do Protozoans consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protozoans are _________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What membrane bound organelles do Protozoans possess? |
|
Definition
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
| Most protozoa are microscopic. Which ones can be seen with the unaided eye? |
|
Definition
Leishmania donovani
Spirostomum |
|
|
Term
| Protozoa are found in ______________ habitats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protozoans are found in Marine waters? |
|
Definition
| Dinoflagellates: Karenia and Alexandrium spp. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Brine pools that Protozoans are found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can protozoans be found in at National Parks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Protozoans found parasites of other organisms? |
|
Definition
Other Protozoa
Parasites of plants
Parasites of invertebrates
Parasites of vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleus of a Protozoans made up of? |
|
Definition
| Vegetative and reproductive center. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Vesicular Nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a Compact Nucleus look like? |
|
Definition
| Darkly staining and without vesiculation |
|
|
Term
| Organells of _________________ are the basis of classification of Protozoa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ move in an undulating motion on a Protozoa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are small flagella that move in an oar-like motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cilia may fuse and form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are "false feet"? Where are they found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organelle uses movement by flexing and gliding? |
|
Definition
| Undulating ridges- SP microtubles- apicomplexans. |
|
|
Term
| What functions in protein synthesis for Protozoans? |
|
Definition
| Endoplasmic reticulum/ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What do mitochondria do for Protozoans? |
|
Definition
| produce energy for cellular functions and contain tubular cristae |
|
|
Term
| What organelle packages secretory products in a Protozoan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is osmo-regulatory function for protozoans that is found primarily in free-living protozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a longitundinal or transverse asexual protozoan reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a protozoan reproduction that consists of nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)? |
|
Definition
| Multiple fission (schizogony) |
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to new organism which bud from the cell surface for protozoan reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sexual protozoan reproduction involves temporary fusion of cells with nuclear exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sexual protozoan reproduction is a fusion of sexually distinct gametes to form a zygote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a protozoan reproduction that is a union of similar gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a protozoan reproduction that is a union of dissimilar gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a protozoan reproduction that has resoptio nof locomotor and feeding organelles, loss of water and rounding up of the cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does protozoan nutrition come from? |
|
Definition
| endogenous or exogenous sources |
|
|
Term
| What is a type of nutrition where organism porduces their own nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What a type of nutrition where the organsim obtains nutrients from external sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ingestion of particulate material 9phagocytosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absorption through cell membrane (pinocytosis)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four phylums of Protozoa? |
|
Definition
Sarcomastigophora
Apicomplexa
Cillophora
Microspora |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main Parsitic Flagellates? |
|
Definition
Tritrichomonas foetus
Histomonas meleagridis |
|
|
Term
| Flagellates all have _________ flagella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nutrition of flagellates is either ______________ or _______________? |
|
Definition
| Autotrophic or heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
| How do the flagellates reproduce? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal binary fission |
|
|
Term
| What are the type of flagellates that live in blood, lymph, digestive tract or body cavities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Phylum are the Trichomonads under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cell body of a Trichomonadd look like? |
|
Definition
| Piriform with rounded anterior end and pointed posterior end. |
|
|
Term
| How do the Trichomonads divide? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal binary fission |
|
|
Term
| What is a Venereal disease that is transmitted via coitus? |
|
Definition
| Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis |
|
|
Term
| What is the causitive agent of bovine genital trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical features of Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
Insidious disease (Estrus 60 days into breeding season)
Early embryonic death and abortion
"Trichomonad Abortion" |
|
|
Term
| Who are the chronic carriers of Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the Cows with Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
Vaginitis
cervicitis
endometritis
pyometra
mucopurulent discharge |
|
|
Term
| Where can you recover organisms with bovine genital trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
Aborted fetus
Placenta
Vagina, cervix, uterus
prepuce |
|
|
Term
| Is there an approved treatment for Bovine Genital Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vaccination for Bovine Gential Trchomoniasis may reduce what? |
|
Definition
Duration of infection
Number of infected females
Reproductive losses. |
|
|
Term
| What is a feline trichomonads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Feline Trichomoniasis cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Feline Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical features of Feline Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
Chronic Diarrhea
Age of onset- average 9 mo.
T. foetus lives in colon. |
|
|
Term
| What is Tritrichomonas foetus often misdiagnosed as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to have demonstrated efficacy against T. foetus in cats? |
|
Definition
Enrofloxacin x21 days
metronidazole x 10 days
fenbendazole x5 days
ronidazole x14 days |
|
|
Term
| Does Trtrichomonas foetus cause both Bovine genital trichomoniasis and Feline Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| Unknown reproductive tract vs. large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the human venereal disease transmitted via coitus? |
|
Definition
| Human Genital Trichomoniasis |
|
|
Term
| What is the scientific name of what cause Human Genital Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis? |
|
Definition
4 anterior flagella
Longitudinal binary fission. |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical features of Human Genital Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
May be asymptomatic
Females will have intense inflammation, exudate, dysuria.
Males will have burning during urination and irritation inside penis. |
|
|
Term
| What if the first treatment for Human Genital Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
Metronidazole single dose or
Tinidazole single dose
If unsuccessful use metronidazole x 7 days. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Upper digestive tract trichomoniasis" of Avians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Trichomonas gallinae transmitted? |
|
Definition
Adults to squabs
During billing
Via Drinking water
consuming infected birds |
|
|
Term
| What does Trichomonas gallinae look like? |
|
Definition
4 anterior flagella
Granules along axostyle |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical features of Avian Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
Usually young birds
mild or rapidly fatal |
|
|
Term
| What is the Trichomonads that hosts humans and dogs located in the intestine and causes diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes "blackhead" or "infectious enterohepatis" in gallinaceous birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three Pleomorphic forms of Histomonas meleagridis? |
|
Definition
Luminal (flagellated)
Transitional/amoeboid (non-glagellated)
Tissue (non-flagellated) |
|
|
Term
| Where does Histomoniasis cause lesions? |
|
Definition
In cecum with pinpoint ulcers
In liver called "bulls-eye" |
|
|
Term
| What clinical features are seen in the gallinacous bird from Histomoniasis? |
|
Definition
Yellow droppings
Ruffled feathers, hanging wings and tail, Lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the Giardia subgroups? |
|
Definition
G. duodenalis
G. agilis
G. muris |
|
|
Term
| What Giardia has a broad host range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Giardia duodenalis Zoonotic agent? |
|
Definition
Assemblage A- will infect many hosts
Assemblage B- will infect many hosts. |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics are on the Trophozoite? |
|
Definition
Adhesive disk, axonemes, endosomes
Feeding stage
4 pairs of flagella
bilaterally symmetrical |
|
|
Term
| What are the cyst of Giardia characteristics? |
|
Definition
Median bodies, nuclei, cyst wall.
Resistant stage
oval with thick, refractile wall.
Nuclei at one pole. |
|
|
Term
| What is the infectious stage of Giardia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chlorination and water temperatures of 50 C |
|
|
Term
| ________________ stage of Giardia cannot survive outside host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Trophozoites of Giardia found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are cysts of Giardia found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the life cycle of Giardia? |
|
Definition
Cyst in contaminated water, food, environment.
Cyst ingested
Trophozoite in bowel/feces (diarrhea)
(5-7 days)
Cyst in bowel/feces |
|
|
Term
| _________________ is a notifiable disease in Humans that ranges from age 1-9 to 33-44 years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the referable signs of Human Giardiasis? |
|
Definition
| Diarrhea with soft, light-colored, greasy, mucoid, with or without blood. |
|
|
Term
| What other signs are found with Human Giardiasis? |
|
Definition
Weight loss
dry skin
poor hair coat
Retarded growth
Borborygmi |
|
|
Term
| What are the major Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Giardia? |
|
Definition
Toxic secretion
Bile sale Absnormalities
Deficiencies in brush border enzymes **** |
|
|
Term
| How is giardia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Direct Fecal smear
Fecal Floatation |
|
|
Term
| Focus down in prep and you will see....what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Focus up in prep and you will see what...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Mjaor SG of common solutions for floatation solutions for finding giardia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major SG of parasites that are found in Floatation solutatios and how much? |
|
Definition
Trichuris vulpis 1.15
Taenia spp. 1.23
Physaloptera spp. 1.24 |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in Fecal Examination for Giardia cysts? |
|
Definition
| Postive for pre-treatment and post-treatment. |
|
|
Term
| How can Giardia be diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Fecal ELISA
Direct flourescent antibody test
Fixative/ Stains |
|
|
Term
| Use of the fecal ELISA in ______________ is not recommended. |
|
Definition
| Asymptomatic dogs because of false positives |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main Giardia treatment options? |
|
Definition
| Metronidazole/Fenbendazole |
|
|
Term
| Different mechanims of action could increase activity against metronidazole ___________________ and could result in _________________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both Metronidazole/Fenbendazole are generally safe when used at established dosages but DO NOT ______________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fenbendazole will ___________________________ that might be pathogenetic co-factors. |
|
Definition
| aid in the elimination of nematode parasites |
|
|
Term
| What should you do after last treament of Giardia? |
|
Definition
| Bathe to remove adherent fecal debris |
|
|
Term
| What is most effective when used on treatable surfaces for treating the environment for Giardia? |
|
Definition
| Quarternary ammonium compounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broad group of protozoan parasites belonging to the Phylum Apicomplexa |
|
|
Term
| "Classical" coccidia includes only _______________ and _________ spp. |
|
Definition
| Eimeria and Isospora spp. |
|
|
Term
| __________________ spp. cause disease in humans, non human primates, pigs, dogs and cats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Isospora sporulated oocysts differ from Eimeria? |
|
Definition
Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. contain 4 sporocyts each with 2 sporozoites.
Sporulated oocysts of Isospora spp. contain 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for disease caused by infestation with fleas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when an agent causes parasite to MOVE AWAY from treated animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spore-like stage shed usually in feces (sometims infective; sometimes not.) It is hardy, thick-walled stage able to survive for lengthy period outside a host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of development of the oocyst/sporocyst to the infective stage containing sporozoites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Infective stage that emerges from the sporocyst/oocyst. It enters the target cell and begins the first round of asexual division (schizogony) producing numerous merozoites or tachyzoites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rapidly dividing, highly motil stages produced by asexual reproduction. They erupt from schizonts within infected cells and infect many more cells. This way many, many organisms can be produced (eimeria, Isospora, Sarcocystis, Crptosporidium)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is rapidly dividing, highly motile stages produced by asexual reproduction. They erupt from gropus (similiar to schizonts) within infected cells and move to infect many more cells. This way many, many organisms can be produced. (Toxoplasma, Neospora)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an asexual division which leads to the formation of many merozoites or tachyzoites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of generation of "male" and "female" gametes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is analagous to mammalian sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is analogous to mammalian ovum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What order are the wingless insects with siphon-like mouthparts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a disease caused by infestation with fleas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the important "cat flea" that will infest many host and name derived from host from which it was first recovered- a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an uncommon flea that is known as the "dog flea" where dogs and catsw are the hosts most frequently infested; but is a very rare parasite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is known as the "human flea" where dogs and cats are the hosts that are observed most frequently infested in veterinary medicine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is known as the "sticktight flea" hosting dogs, cats and humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flea life cycle includes _________________ metamorphosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of fleas is lateraly compressed, wingless, has Ctenidia (combs)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of flea life cycle is oval, glistening white and laid on host but quickly drops off? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do flea eggs hatch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of flea life cycle is maggot-like with chewing mouth parts and covered with small hairs (setae)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does the larval stage remain in this stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What flea stage is soft moist silk, becomes coated with particles of debris from its surroundings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the Adult flea fully developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fleas may induce _______ by repeated exposure to antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the charactoristics of the lesions from flea allergy dermatitis? |
|
Definition
| Pruritic and may be erythematous, alopecia to severe excoriation. |
|
|
Term
| Untreated chronic cases of Flea allergy dermatitis may lead to what? |
|
Definition
| Hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratinization |
|
|
Term
| What do fleas commonly cuase in cats? |
|
Definition
| miliary (papular) dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| what do fleas commonly cause in man? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fleas can also serve as what? |
|
Definition
| Vectors of bacteria, viruses and helminths |
|
|
Term
| What are the blood particles called that are passed by adult fleas in the pet's hair coat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WWhat is a combination of chmeical and mechanical means which target both the animal and its environment with fleas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some types of integrated flea control? |
|
Definition
On-animal insecticides
Environmental insecticides
Mechanical methods of control |
|
|
