Term
|
Definition
| Organelle found within mitochondria. Consists of DNA. Involved in metamorphosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inner surface of the mito membrane |
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Term
| What are the two components of ktDNA and how are they arranged |
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Definition
| Maxi circle and mini circle. Known as the concentrated mess-interconnected complex network. |
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Term
| What are the three major kinetoplastid infections in humans? |
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Definition
| HAT, Chagas disease, and Leishmanaisis |
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Term
| What four morphological forms can occur in the various kinetoplastid life cycles? |
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Definition
| amastigote, promasticgote, epimastigote, trypmastigote |
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Term
| Does the amastigote have a flagellum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Outer surface of the mito membrane - anchors the flagellum-gives rise to the kinetoplastid. |
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Term
| What is the kinetoplast, where is it found, and what function does it have? |
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Definition
| Organelle within the mitochondria that is in the inner surface of the mito membrane. It aids in metamorphosis. |
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Term
| Does the amastigote have a nucleus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Does the promastigote have a flagellum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Does this form have an undulating membrane? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the promastigote found? |
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Definition
| In insect vector and in culture |
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Term
| Are the kinetosome/kinetoplast anterior or posterior to the nucleus in this form |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Does the epimastigote have a flagellum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does this form have an undulating membrane? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are the kinetosome/kinetoplast anterior or posterior to the nucleus in this form? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Does the trypomastigote have a flagellum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does this form have an undulating membrane? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are the kinetosome/kinetoplast anterior or posterior to the nucleus in this form? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What the four basic types of this form |
|
Definition
| metacyclic,slender, stumpy, |
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Term
| Into what two sections is the genus Trypanosoma divided |
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Definition
| Section salivaria and sterocercaria |
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Term
| Section Salivaria is also known as what? |
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Definition
| anterior station developement. |
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Term
| Species in this section develop in what part of the vector? |
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Definition
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Term
| Section Stercoraria is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Species in this section develop in what part of the vector? |
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Definition
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Term
| Trypanosoma brucei is found in which section? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What stage of the parasite is infective to humans? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What stage lives in the blood of the human? |
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Definition
| stumy tyrps- do not multiply |
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|
Term
| Where do the trypomastigotes multiply |
|
Definition
| slender tryp- flies midgut |
|
|
Term
| What does its posterior end look like |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage is infective to Glossina? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Glossina injects metacyclic tyrps to hosts slender tyrps in blood with bunt posterior end and undergo binary fissionstumpy tyrps are formed in blood that do not divide ingested by glossina develop into epimastigote become metacyclic tyrps and injected back into a human being. |
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Term
| How many subspecies of T. brucei are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How can they be differentiated? |
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Definition
| Differ in their definitive host and the pathology that they cause |
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|
Term
| What is the common name of Glossina? What does that name mean? |
|
Definition
| tsetse-destructive to cattle. |
|
|
Term
| How can this fly be identified? |
|
Definition
| meat cleaver cell on its wings |
|
|
Term
| Where in Africa is this fly most prevalent? |
|
Definition
| Tropical Africa btw 15 n and 15s fly belt |
|
|
Term
| What disease is caused by T. brucei brucei? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are infected? |
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Definition
| Livestock, antelope, no humans |
|
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Term
| What two subspecies of T. brucei cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans? |
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Definition
| T.B rhodisiense and T.B gambiense |
|
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Term
| What are the differences in their morphology? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the geographical distributions of T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense? |
|
Definition
| TBR- East Africa TBG- west Africa |
|
|
Term
| Which infects native game reservoir hosts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which infects native game reservoir hosts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which subspecies causes most cases of sleeping sickness |
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Definition
| T.B gambesiense – west African Sleeping sickness. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two stages of human African trypanosomiasis? |
|
Definition
| 1st- hemolymphatic stage. 2nd meningo-encephalic stage |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parasite found in each stage? |
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Definition
Hemolymphatic stage: parasite in peripheral circulate in lymph system enter tissue fluid
Meningo-encephalic stage : crosses blood brain barrier and enters the brain |
|
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Term
| What happens in either infection if it is not treated? |
|
Definition
TBR progresses rapidly –chancre sore at bite site most people develop a fever, experience headache, jot aches, enlarged lymph nodes
In ½ weeks after infection invades CNS neural deterioration, neurological problems, death within months.
TBG progresses more slowly After 1 or two years, CNS involvement personality changes, daytime sleepiness, confusion, partial paralysis, balance after three years death. |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of disease progression in T. b. rhodesiense? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of disease progression in T. b. gambiense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in tbr it’s a sore at the bite site |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms occur in each stage of infection? |
|
Definition
TBR: chancre sore at bite site
Fever, experience headache, join aches, enlarged lymph nodes. W/in 1 or 2 weeks, invades CNS, neural deterioration, neurological problems, death within months.
TBG: progresses more slowly
Early in infection -: mild symptoms –malaise, lymph nodes swollen, weight loss
After 1 to 2 years CNS involvement, personality changes, daytime sleepiness, confusion, partial paralysis, balance
3 years - death |
|
|
Term
| What is Winterbottom’s sign? |
|
Definition
Can be used for diagnosis. Swollen lymph nodes a base
Sign recognized by slave traders in slaves. These infected slaves were thrown overboard. |
|
|
Term
| In which subspecies is the parasite load in the blood higher? |
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Definition
| TBR much easier to detect in blood=high load |
|
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Term
| Why is serologic testing used only to detect T. b. gambiense infections? |
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Definition
| Detection of antibodies. It is harder to detect it in the blood b/c the load is not that high. |
|
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Term
| Why must cerebrospinal fluid be examined in all sleeping sickness infections? |
|
Definition
| To find if cns involvement has occurred. Determines which drug to be used. |
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|
Term
| Who should receive treatment for sleeping sickness? |
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Definition
| All positives. Untreated cases lead to death. |
|
|
Term
| What factors will determine which drug should be used? |
|
Definition
| TBG or TBR and disease stage. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four drugs which can be used to treat sleeping sickness? |
|
Definition
1. Pentamidinne- drug that does not cross the blood brain barrier. Work in stage 2. Recommended for stage 1 and for tbg. Widely available in US.
2. Suramin: does not cross blood brain barrier
1st stage of tbg and tbr
Toxic
anaphalytic shock
Kidney failure
3. Melarsoprol = mel B – crosses the blood brain barrier
Last stage tbr and tbg
4. eflornithine – recent drug
Also crosses the blood brain barrier
Against tbg not tbr
AKA resurrection drug – wakes up people from comatose- expensive |
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|
Term
| What is a drawback to using melarsoprol? |
|
Definition
| Has arsenic thus highly toxic |
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|
Term
| Why is eflornithine known as the “resurrection drug”? |
|
Definition
| Awakens comatosed patients |
|
|
Term
| How long and why do patients require follow up examinations? |
|
Definition
2 years
To prevent relapse |
|
|
Term
| What is the main method of prevention and control of sleeping sickness |
|
Definition
| Minimize contact with tsetse flies |
|
|
Term
| What type of clothing should be worn to minimize testes fly bites? |
|
Definition
| Long sleeves/long pants/neutral colors |
|
|
Term
| Why are tsetse flies often found inside vehicles? |
|
Definition
| Flies are attracted to motion and dust |
|
|
Term
| What is sterile insect technique? |
|
Definition
| Lab raised flies. Male flies are sterilized via irradiation helps eliminate fly population. |
|
|
Term
| What is antigenic variation? |
|
Definition
| Major obstacle in vaccine development. Tryps can hide from host immune system by disguising itself as one of the host cells. Long slender tyrps have surface coat that consists of single protein= varian surface glycoprotein. Tryps multiply in blood and host mounts effective immune response against tryps with particular VSG . removes almost all of the parasite with tht VSG coat. 41% of the tryps survive – posess variant VSG – temporarily unrecognized |
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|
Term
| The surface coat of T. brucei blood trypomastigotes consists primarily of a single protein which is known as the |
|
Definition
| VSG_-varient surface glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| Does the immune system recognize this protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the immune response remove all of the parasite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If not, how many are left? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the waves of infection produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Draw a graph with numbers of trypomastigotes on the y-axis and time on the x-axis to describe the relationship between the trypomastigote population and the host immune response. |
|
Definition
| Looks like a bell curve – the unrecognized tryp goes up and then finally is recognized and the number comes down. |
|
|
Term
| What is a variant antigenic type? |
|
Definition
| Each population that survives with VSG genes, only one at a time. |
|
|
Term
| How many genes are involved in antigenic variation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi is found in which section? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kissing bug - cone nosed bug |
|
|
Term
| What stage of the parasite is infective to humans? |
|
Definition
| Metacyclic trypomastigotes |
|
|
Term
| How does the parasite enter the human? |
|
Definition
| When host scratch or rub fecal droplet containing 1000s of metacyclic trypomstigotes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the intracellular stage of the parasite? |
|
Definition
| Enter cells and become amastigotes enter spleen, liver, lymphatics, and all muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What stage is infective to the vector |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kissing bug takes blood meal, swells up and defecates on the skin with metacyclic trypsenter host and transform into amastigotes and enter spleen, liver, lymphatics, and all muscle, amstigotes go through binary fission only stage that multiplies in mammalian host (if in cardiac cluster, amastigotes are called pseudocyst) host cell lyses, amstigotes released and invade other cells , some amstigotes transform in blood which is infective to vector, in vector- epimastigotes in midgut multiple, move to hindgut and transform into metacyclic tryps. |
|
|
Term
| What is distinctive about the posterior end and kinetoplast of T. cruzi trypomastigotes? |
|
Definition
| Pointed kinetolast and large posterior. |
|
|
Term
| Is this species capable of antigenic variation? |
|
Definition
| No tryps can be destroyed by antibodies |
|
|
Term
| How does this affect the number of trypomastigotes in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Very low number in blood as they are actually in cells in the amstigote form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute infection causes local inflammation at the site of the bite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute infection in which metacyclic trps enter eye, cause edema of eyelids and conjunctiva and result in fever swelling of lymh glands, fatigue, anemia, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If an amastigote is found in cardiac muscle cell, cluster of amstigotes in cardiac muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms are associated with the acute stages of T. cruzi infection? |
|
Definition
| chagoma and ramona’s sign |
|
|
Term
| What is the common outcome of infection in children? |
|
Definition
| What is the common outcome of infection in children? |
|
|
Term
| What organs are most commonly affected in chronic infections |
|
Definition
Musce cells intestinal tract esophagus, colon, heart
The amastigotes produce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotoxin which results in loss of muscle function |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the intestinal tract? |
|
Definition
| In smooth muscle, peristalisis is diminished with esophagus and colon losing tone. |
|
|
Term
| What are megaesophagus and megacolon? |
|
Definition
| Result from perstalisis diminished with esophagus and colon lose tone |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the heart? |
|
Definition
| Muscle don’t contract normal, enlargement and flabbiness decreased pumping, heart failure. |
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