Term
|
Definition
| Nailed 95 Theses to the Wittenburg Cathedral. Argued against the sale of indulgences. Despite his being a reformer, he maintained the doctrine of transubstantian in hopes that his followers could someday be reconciled with the Catholic Church. Subscribing to transubstantiation meanth that he could not agree with fellow reformer Zwingli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven |
|
|
Term
| Ninety-five Theses (1517) |
|
Definition
| widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God's pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith, conceived as excluding all "works", alone. All humanity, it is asserted, is fallen and sinful, under the curse of God, and incapable of saving itself from God's wrath and curse. But God, on the basis of the life, death, and resurrection of his Son, Jesus Christ alone (solus Christus), grants sinners judicial pardon, or justification, which is received solely through faith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| priesthood of all believers |
|
Definition
| responsibility or right to preach and expound the Christian faith, and this is appointed to every member of the church. |
|
|
Term
| The Freedom of a Christian (1520) |
|
Definition
| Work written by Martin Luther that developed the concept that as fully forgiven children of God, Christians are no longer compelled to keep God's law; however, they freely and willingly serve God and their neighbors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Issued an edict: For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, where upon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leader of the Anabaptists. Agreed with Lutheran reforms except for the doctrine of transubstantiation. He maintained that communion was only a symbol and never actually become the body and blood of Christ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A meeting of German and Swiss theologians called by Phillip of Hesse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spells out Anabaptist principles |
|
|
Term
| Revolutionary Anabaptists |
|
Definition
| More radical Anabaptists that shirked pacifism in order to stand for their beliefs and themselves. They were lead first by Melchior Hoffman, then John Mattys and John of Leiden. They took Munster and expelled the Catholics and Lutherans in the city. It was sieged and captured by the Catholics and Lutherans and the leaders were executed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joined a Dutch Anabaptist fellowship. Taught Christians should obey authorities unless what they were asked to do was expressly forbidden by scripture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Followers of Menno Simons' teachings. Spread throughout North America, South America, and Eastern Europe. Pacifistic group that still contributes to society through social service. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French born theologian who studied theology and law in Paris, Orleans, and Bruges. Later went on to set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Published his book called the Institutes. |
|
|
Term
| Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) |
|
Definition
| John Calvin's book that spoke against Rome's "false sacraments". Divided into 4 parts. The first edition was in Latin with a second edition quickly following in French. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christ died only for those whom God predestined for salvation, not for those whom God predestined to Hell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of Church governance in Geneva. 5 pastors and 12 elders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote a book that explained the trinity as heresy. Was burnt at the stake at the order of Calvin in Geneva. |
|
|
Term
| Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain |
|
Definition
| Reformers of the Spanish church. Received permission from the Pope to appoint new bishops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To enforce Christian orthodoxy in Spain. Jews and Muslims were ordered to convert or be exiled. Many went into exile, and those that remained were always suspected of practising Judaism or Islam in secret and could be called to Inquisitory court to defend themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founder of the Discalced Carmelites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronicles the spiritual life of Teresa and describes her mystical experiences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Barefoot. This order follows the monastic lifestyle "more strictly" than others that were around at the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Started out as a courtier for Charles V and later became a monk after he was wounded in battle and found comfort in the stories of Jesus and the apostles. Founded the Jesuits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A work in which Ignatius of Loyola chronicles his life in the third person, careful to explain the story behind why he was drawn to a monastic lifestyle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Training manual for a follower of Christ in which Ignatius tells followers to meditate upon certain things, like hell, and that the goal is to find out what God wants you to do and to do it. |
|
|
Term
| Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
|
Definition
| Opposed Protestants both intellectually and politically. Were confessors for Catholic princes. Became missionaries in the far east and the new world, but were expelled from Spanish possessions in the new world in the mid 1700s due to their growing political clout back in Europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| She founded the Order of Ursulines in 1535 in Brescia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founded at Brescia, Italy, by Saint Angela de Merici in November 1535, primarily for the education of girls and the care of the sick and needy. First Catholic Nuns in the new world, they left for Canada from France. |
|
|
Term
| Council of Trent (1545-63) |
|
Definition
| In reality, a series of meetings, it issued the obligations of clergy in the Catholic church, the use of relics and indulgences, the founding of seminaries and the training of clergy, and promoted the study of Thomas Aquinas. |
|
|
