Term
| What are the three reasons to why bacteria are important? |
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Definition
Abundace, distribution and activities.
Health and disease
Food and Biotechnology |
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Term
| How many bacteria are on the planet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What five organic atoms are bacteria usually involved in? |
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Definition
| Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulphur |
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Term
| Which bacterium can live in the extreme condition of the antartic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Archea differ from prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| They have unique meatbolic processes and DNA regulation similar to Eukaryotes |
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Term
| How are bacteria able to live in every possible environmental niche? |
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Definition
| They have a diverse metabolic rate so can survive of a range of molecules |
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Term
| What is the main artificial way our human body can build up a defense to bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a recombinant protein produced through biotechnology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a biological drugs produced through biotechnology? |
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Definition
| Humanised monoclonal antibodies |
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Term
| Give an example of a natural product drugs produced through from biotechnology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a fine chemicals produced through biotechnology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a industrial enzymes produced through biotechnology? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what century were bacteria originally discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Louis Pasteur do? |
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Definition
| Created the pasteurisation method through his swan-necked vial |
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Term
| What is Koch's germ theory of disease? |
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Definition
| Pathogenic organisms cause disease |
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Term
| When was the second 'Golden Age' of Microbiology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Cyanobacteria do to make the earth inhabitable? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is sophisticated life thought to have began? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outline the steps involved in the crystal violet gram stain? |
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Definition
1)Flood the smear with cyrstal violet for 1 minute
2)Add iodine solution for 1 minute
3)Decolourise smear with alcohol for 20 seconds
4)Counterstain with safranin for 1-2 minutes |
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Term
| What colour do gram-positive bacteria go when treated with crystal violet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What colour do gram-negative bacteria go when treated with crystal violet? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the crystal violet gram stain work? |
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Definition
| The gram-negative bacteria has an outer membrane which is less likely to hold onto pigment |
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Term
| Outline the steps involved in preparing an electron microscope sample? |
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Definition
| Cell fixed, cell dehydrated, cell embedded in glass, cell sectioned and then cell stained |
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Term
| Waht three things did we learn about bacteria through electron microscopy? |
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Definition
| Cells had a lack of compartmentalisation, cells had no nuclear envelope and cells had no obvious organelles/cytskeleton |
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Term
| How is a sample prepared for Cryoelectron microscopy? |
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Definition
| The samples are 'flash frozen' live. |
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Term
| What is the advantage of using Cryoelectron microscopy? |
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Definition
| You get a 3D reconstruction |
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Term
| What are the two disadvantages of using Cryoelectron microscopy? |
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Definition
| Poor contrast and 600nm depth limit |
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Term
| Waht is flurescence microscopy? |
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Definition
| Imagining through a high powered opticla lens |
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Term
| What are the two types of flurescence micrscopy? |
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Definition
| Immunofluorescence and GFP's |
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Term
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Definition
| Green Fluorescent Proteins |
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Term
| How does Immunofluorescnce microscopy work? |
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Definition
| A fluorescent antibody can bind to specific targets in the cells and then they can be detected |
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Term
| What is the advantage of using Immunofluorescnce microscopy? |
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Definition
| Detects wild type proteins |
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Term
| What are the three disadvantages of using Immunofluorescnce microscopy? |
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Definition
| Cells need to be fixed, there are some fixation artifacts and there is no time lapse imaging |
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Term
| Where does the GFP come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does GFP microscopy work? |
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Definition
| GFP binds to gene and then when that gene is transcribed the GFP will glow on the protein. |
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Term
| What are the two advantages of using GFP micrscopy? |
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Definition
| There are many colour variants for different proteins and can be done on living cells |
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Term
| What is the disadvantage of using GFP micrscopy? |
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Definition
| Fusion of proteins would cause fusion of colours which could be misleading |
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Term
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Definition
| The divisionary protein in the centre of bcateria that is similar to eukaryotic microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein in bacteria which i similar to eukaryotic actin |
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Term
| How were MreB and FtsZ identified? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is teh bacterial cell wall an ideal trget for antibiotics? |
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Definition
| The wal is essential to growth, only present in bacteria and would cause cell lysis and instant death is damaged |
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Term
| What molecule is present in gram-positive cell walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of the cell wall/membranes in gram-positive bacteria? |
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Definition
| An inne cell membrane surrounded by a thick outer petidoglycan cell wall. |
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Term
| Which molecule makes up a bacterial cell wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of the cell wall/membranes in gram-negative bacteria? |
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Definition
| Two cells membranes with a layer of peptiodoglycan cell wall between them |
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Term
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Definition
| An additional outer layer present in some archea and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| A condensed bacteria formede during starvation? |
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Term
| What is the endospore cycle? |
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Definition
1)Cell divides internally into spore and cell
2)Spore forms a cortex
3)Spore is coated in Ca2+ ions
4)Cell disolved and spore released? |
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Term
| When is the spore turned back into a bacterium? |
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Definition
| When favourable condituions and reappeared |
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Term
| How can we observe the spore cycle of bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which factor is present in the mother cell of a bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which factor is present in the spore? |
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Definition
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Term
| What colour does Factor E glow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What colour does Factor F glow? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Large colonies/clumps of bacteria that have their own micro-ecosystem |
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Term
| Give an example of a biofilm? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide layer attached to the cell wall that plays an important role in teh formation of biofilms |
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Term
| What are pili and fimbrae? |
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Definition
| Extensions of the bacteria that are involved in movement and conjugation |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the flagella? |
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Definition
| It can rotate at high speeds to provide a long tail that the bacteria can use to swim |
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Term
| What are the six shapes of bacteria? |
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Definition
| Coccus, Rod, Spirillum, Spirochete, Budding and Filamentous |
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Term
| How long is the bacterial chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A highly condensed chromosome |
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Term
| How long is the average bacterial gene? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A section of the bacterial chromosome that contains genes that all code for similar things |
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Term
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Definition
| An additional piece of circular DNA that holds additional genes for the bacterium |
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Term
| What are the majority of plasmid genes involved in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are antibiotic resistance genes contained in a bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three other mobile genetic elements? |
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Definition
| Bacteriophages, Transposons and Integrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Sections of DNA that accumilate useful genes and then insert themselves into organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The fundamental genes contained on the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| The core gene and all the additional genes present on plasmids etc. |
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Term
| What are pathogenicity islands? |
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Definition
| Clusters of pathogenic genes in the core genome of a bacteria |
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Term
| How are pathogenicity islands identified? |
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Definition
| Through their high G/C content and with comparisons to similar non-pathogenic organisms |
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Term
| How much does it cost to sequence the genome of a bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main methods we use to sequence a genomre? |
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Definition
| Sanger, Balasubramanian and Klenerman and Oxford Nanopore |
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Term
| How does Balasubramanian and Klenerman sequencing work? |
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Definition
1)DNA is fragmented and many copies of of the same fragment are added to microchips.
2)Coloured tags are added to teh microchip and one anneals
3)As it anneals the colour is emitted and is recorded by a computer |
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Term
| What are the four steps involved in genome sequencing? |
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Definition
| Preparation, Sequencing, Assembly, Analysis |
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Term
| What happens during the preparation and sequencing stages of genome sequencing? |
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Definition
| DNA is fragmented and then each contig is sequenced |
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Term
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Definition
| An overlapping sequence of DNA |
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Term
| What happens during the assembly stages of genome sequencing? |
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Definition
| The contigs are lined up in a logical order |
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Term
| What happens during the analysis stages of genome sequencing? |
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Definition
| As not all the contigs can be sequenced correctly by a computer it must be analysed by human eye to piece together the final genome |
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Term
| How is sequencing analysis usually done? |
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Definition
| By comparinge the contigs of one organism with a sequenced genome of another |
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Term
| What is the new revolutionary way that bacterial phenotypes are linked to the genotype? |
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Definition
| Sequence the mutant and the parent of the mutant and look to see what mutation caused it by comparing the genome |
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Term
| Why is the new revolutionary way of bacterial gene identification revolutionary? |
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Definition
| There is no need for time consuming genetic mapping, populations can be tracked as teh evolve and adapt and it is applicable to all haploid organisms |
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Term
| How is comparing genomes linked to phylogentics and evolution? |
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Definition
| can see which mutations have caused a species divergence and produce a more accurate tree of life |
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Term
| How is comparing genomes linked to health and disease? |
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Definition
| By comparing the genome we can work out which genes are pathogenic and which are non-pathogenic so we can defeat antibiotic resistant bacteria like MRSA |
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Term
| What are the three ways of measuring bacterial growth? |
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Definition
| Viable cell count, turbidity and microscopic counting |
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Term
| Each colony on an agar is supposed to represent what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three disadvantages of using the viable cell count method? |
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Definition
| It only measures the viable cells, underestimates the number of cells in clusters and its very dull and slow |
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Term
| What are the two advantages of using the turbidity method? |
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Definition
| It's simple and can be done continously due to it being non destructive |
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Term
| What are the two disadvantages of using the turbidity method? |
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Definition
| It measures all cells (including thos dead) and it has a low sensitivity |
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Term
| What is the advantages of using the microscopic count method? |
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Definition
| Can acoomodate for clumping and chaining |
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Term
| What is the disadvantage ofusing the microscopic count method? |
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Definition
| You can't tell which are live and which are dead cells and its very laborious |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of particles in a microfluidic flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combining flow cytometry with flurescent light to detect when the cells flow off to make the process automated |
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Term
| What does FACS stand for? |
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Definition
| Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting |
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Term
| Outline the bacterial cell cycle? |
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Definition
1. Duplications of organelles
2. Elongation
3. Septum cleavage
4. Segragation mid cell to form two daughter cells |
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Term
| How long does it take for the entire genome of a bacterium to be replicated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the replication conundrum? |
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Definition
| The bacterium can divide in 20 minutes but DNA requires 40 minutes to be replicated |
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Term
| What is the solution to the replication conundrum? |
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Definition
| They initiate DNA replication in the previous cycleusig a multifork approach with four OriC |
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Term
| What does the Min system of bacterial cell division do? |
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Definition
| Inhibits division at the poles |
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Term
| What does the NO system of bacterial cell division do? |
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Definition
| Inhibits division in the nucleoid |
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Term
| How does the DNA segragate into teh two daughter cell? |
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Definition
| As the cell elongates the NO regions break allowing a inhibitor free zone to form where segrgation can occur |
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Term
| What does FtsZ tubulin do in a bacterium? |
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Definition
| Forms the contractile ring that segragetes the cells and forms the poles |
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Term
| How do other bacteria replicate differently? |
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Definition
| No segregation forms long bracnhes and some bacteria grow inside other bacteria like bacteriophages or even form fruiting bodies to eat other bacteria |
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Term
| Name four types of food produced from bacteria? |
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Definition
| Yoghurt, cheese, sauerkraut and Natto |
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Term
| What is the other way in which bacteria been used in the past besides food? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unsing bacteria to extract important minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| Impure metal is disolved then precipitated and then bacteria can be used to gain the metal from the precipitate |
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Term
| What two metals have bacteria been used for in biomining? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Using bacteria to clear up oil spills or solve the eutrophication problem from pesticides, fertlisers and xenobiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| Harnessing microorganisms to make industrial products |
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Term
| What three things are we currently using biotechnology for? |
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Definition
| Medical reasons, chemical reasons and transgenic plants |
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Term
| Why would we want to produce an antibiotic using fermentation rather than synthesis? |
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Definition
| You can maximise the yeild, make it continous and minimise the costs |
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Term
| What are semisynthetic antibiotics? |
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Definition
| Traditional antibiotics that have been metabolised by a bacterium to give it extra properties |
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Term
| What is the advantage of semisythnetic antibiotics? |
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Definition
| The extra properties of teh durgs can be used to combat antibiotic resistance |
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Term
| What is recombinant theraputics? |
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Definition
| The introduction of foreign genes into an organism to produce an unatural response |
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Term
| What are industrial enzymes? |
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Definition
| Enzymes that have been isolated to be reused again and again |
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Term
| WHy would we want bacteria to produce some aminoa acids? |
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Definition
| The essential amino acids can then be sold as vitamins to those deficient in that amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Biodegradable plastics that can be metabolised by bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| The addition of bacterial plasmids into plants making them transgenic and immune to some plant infections |
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