Term
| How many milliliters does the pericardium normally contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to a pressure volume loop during cardiac tamponade? |
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Definition
| results in a pressure volume loop that exhibits a low left ventricular volume and decreased stroke volume. associate the compression of the heart by pericardial fluid with compression of the pressure-volume loop. The loop looks as if you compressed it to make it smaller. |
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Term
| What are the common causes of aortic stenosis? |
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Definition
| Congenital bicuspid aortic valve and rheumatic heart disease |
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Term
| What happen to the pressure volume loop for aortic stenosis? |
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Definition
| left ventricle must exert a much higher pressure to force blood through the narrowed aortic valve. left ventricle undergoes concentric hypertrophy. |
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Term
| How would aortic stenosis look like on a pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| Tall, thin, and shifted to the right |
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Term
| How would acute aortic regurg be described on a pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| valve is incompetent, less pressure can be generated by the ventricle and both the end- diastolic and end-systolic volumes are increased |
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Term
| How would acute aortic regurg be drawn on a pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| The graph for acute aortic regurgitation is short and shifted to the right. Think less pressure and volume going back and forth. |
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Term
| How would chronic aortic regurg be described on a pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| Over time, eccentric hypertrophy develops as the heart changes shape to accommodate the increased volume. Still shifted to the right d/t extra volume. Think acute regurg only much bigger |
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Term
| How would mitral stenosis be described on a pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral opening. Because the opening is smaller, it reduces the amount of blood that enters the ventricle during diastole. An increase in left atrial pressure usually maintains stroke volume, but it may decrease with tachycardia or loss of atrial contraction. |
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Term
| How does mitral stenosis looked compared to a normal pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| he decrease in ventricular volume results in a decreased stroke volume as well. The graph for mitral stenosis is short and shifted to the left. |
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Term
| Describe mitral regurgitation? |
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Definition
| It occurs because of incompetence of the valve, which allows part of the ventricular volume to eject backwards into the atria instead of moving forward through the aorta when the ventricle contracts |
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Term
| Describe how acute mitral regurgitation looks on a pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| The major derangements this creates are volume overload of the left ventricle and decreased ejection fraction. This creates a graph that is short and shifted to the right. |
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Term
| Describe chronic mitral regurgitation and how it effects a pressure volume loop? |
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Definition
| This is d/t the compensatory eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle in response to chronic volume overload. The increased ventricular filling area helps compensate for the decreased ejection fraction seen in acute mitral regurgitation. Which causes it to look short and wide |
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Term
| What is the oral dose of Ketamine for pediatrics (1-6) |
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Definition
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Term
Succinylcholine is commonly associated with what 3 conditions in peds?
(think non life threatening) |
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Definition
| Bradycardia, myalgia, myoglobinemia |
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Term
| Which positive inotrope is contraindicated in premature infants? |
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Definition
| Digoxin because no resulting increase in contractility or ejection fraction occurs and the HR decreases resulting in decreased CO |
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Term
| Elective surgery on a preterm infant should be deferred until the infant is how old? |
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Definition
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Term
| in infants, the spinal cord typically ends at? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the preterm infant, arterial blood gases are measured in one of these...pre-ductal artery, post ductal artery, carotid artery, or the umbilical artery? |
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Definition
| preductal artery, typically the right radial or temporal artery. ostductal blood gases would be drawn from the umbilical artery or lower limbs. |
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Term
| The most common surgical emergency in the neonate? |
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Definition
| Necrotizing enterocolitis |
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Term
| What is the Hering-Breuer reflex and when is it fully developed by what age? |
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Definition
| The Hering-Breuer reflex is the cessation of inspiration in response to lung inflation and is fully developed by 1-2 weeks |
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Term
| What is the appropriate dosage for oral midazolam in pediatric patients? |
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Definition
| 0.5-0.75 mg/kg and peaks in 30 minutes |
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Term
| The dural sac in a 1 year old terminates at what level? |
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Definition
| The dural sac terminates at S3 in the neonate and migrates cephalad over the first year of life. By one year of age, it terminates at S1. |
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Term
| What would be an appropriate intravenous induction dose of propofol in a 7 year old? |
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Definition
| The induction dose of propofol in infants between 1-6 months of age is 3 mg/kg. For children 1-12 years old, it is 1.3-1.6 mg/kg. |
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Term
| What would be an appropriate intravenous induction dose of propofol in a 7 year old? |
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Definition
| The induction dose of propofol in infants between 1-6 months of age is 3 mg/kg. For children 1-12 years old, it is 1.3-1.6 mg/kg. |
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Term
| What would be an acceptable intravenous induction dose of ketamine in a healthy pediatric patient? |
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Definition
| IV induction dose of ketamine is 1-3 mg/kg. |
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Term
| What is an appropriate intravenous induction dose of thiopental for a 30 kg 7 year-old patient? |
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Definition
| thiopental for pediatric patients is 5-6 mg/kg. This patient weight 66 pounds, or 30 kilograms. The appropriate dose range in this instance is 150-180 mg. |
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Term
State if each hemodynamic parameter would increase or decrease; PCWP, CO, and SVR
(this was in a peds exam) |
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Definition
| The patient with sepsis typically presents with a low pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, a high cardiac output, and a low systemic vascular resistance. |
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Term
| Which would be an appropriate dose of intranasal midazolam in a pediatric patient? |
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Definition
| The pediatric dose of intranasal midazolam is 0.2-0.3 mg/kg |
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Term
| What premature neonates are at the highest risk for postoperative apnea and bradycardia? |
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Definition
| premature neonates with multiple congenital anomalies, those with lung disease, and those with a history of apnea and bradycardia |
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Term
| When is the post-op apnea risk the highest? What monitoring standards should you employ? |
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Definition
| The risk is highest in the first 4-6 hours after surgery, but can still occur for up to 12 hours postoperatively |
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