Term
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Definition
| events that happen to a drug dosage form while it is in the GI tract (or elsewhere) to release drug molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| what the body does to the drug molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| what the drug does to the body |
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Term
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Definition
| united states pharmacopeia |
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Term
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Definition
| therapeutic equivalency, similar dissolution and pharmacokinetic characteristics that provide the same therapeutic effectiveness |
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Term
| Drug characteristics for passive diffusion |
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Definition
nonionized
lipid soluble
small size
drug concentration gradient across membrane |
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Term
| Characteristics of the membrane and fluid environment of passive diffusion |
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Definition
membrane: lipid bilayer
fluid: pH allows drug to be nonionized before crossing membrane |
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Term
| Examples of passive diffusion |
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Definition
absorption (via gastric/intestinal mucosa)
distribution (to placenta, fat cells, breast milk) |
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Term
| Examples of carrier-mediated transport (active transport, facilitated diffusion) |
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Definition
absorption: intestinal mucosa
distribution: neurons, liver cells, choroid plexus
metabolism: liver cells
excretion: renal tubular cells, biliary membranes |
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Term
| characteristics of the drug for carrier-mediated transport |
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Definition
| slow rate of simple diffusion through a particular membrane |
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Term
| characteristics of the membrane and fluid environment with carrier-mediated transport |
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Definition
membrane: selective transport proteins in the lipid bilayer
fluid: active transport requires energy supply |
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Term
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Definition
absorption/distribution: most capillary endothelial membranes
excretion: renal glomerular membranes |
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Term
| Drug characteristics for filtration |
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Definition
| carried by bulk flow of fluid |
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Term
| Membrane and fluid characteristics for filtration |
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Definition
membrane: pores between cells in the membrane
fluid: pressure gradient to move fluid through pores |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a drug from its administration site into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| fraction of a drug dose administered that actually reaches the systemic circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| process of transporting drug molecules to the body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure |
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Term
| how does food normally decrease drug absorption? |
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Definition
alter pH of stomach
delay gastric emptying
binding to the drug (ex. calcium/bran)
competition for binding to transport carriers |
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Term
| how to antacids alter drug absorption; teaching |
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Definition
| alters pH of the stomach; space 1-3 hours apart |
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Term
| how does calcium carbonate alter drug absorption; teaching |
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Definition
| binds to another drug, preventing absorption; space 1-3 hours |
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Term
| which drug is affected by oatmeal (fiber) |
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Definition
| digoxin - binding prevents absorption |
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Term
| which drug is affected by dairy |
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Definition
| tetracycline, fluoroquinolones - prevents absorption |
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Term
| what drugs does grapefruit juice affect, and how |
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Definition
| statins/calcium channel blockers; 1 glass inhibits activity of GI enzymes which normally destroy the drugs - increasing absorption |
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Term
| which drug is affected by dairy |
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Definition
| tetracycline, fluoroquinolones - prevents absorption |
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