- decrease in activity of cells which is caused by the action of the drug

- agent or measure that relieves symptoms

- treatment of a disease

- agent or measure used to prevent disease

- joint action of agents in which their combined effects are more intense or longer in duration than the sum of the individual effects.

- Controlled Substance Act U.S. 1971 defines 5 drug schedules

- classified in accordance with the potential for human abuse

- controlled = locked up and controlled. Not accessable to general public

- set by the DEA

- all drugs goverened by the DEA

- LSD

-heroine

- no current acceptable use in the USA

- morphine

- Tramadol - very common in veterinary hospitals

- high risk, but has a currently acceptable medical use in USA

- severe restrictions

- may lead to severe psychological and physical dependence.

- Ketamine HCL - common in veterinary

- Telazol

- Hydrocone cough syrup

Has the risk for abuse. Currently acceptable medical use in USA

- may lead to moderate or low physical dependence

- may lead to high psychological dependence

- Diazepam (valium) - commonly used in veterinary

- Alprazolam (Xanax) - commonly used for noise/thunder phobia in dogs

- Lomotil - opiate GI motility modifyer used primarily in dogs to treat diarrhea.

- low risk of abuse

ointment

List two used in veterinary practice

mixture of drugs with a fatty base -external application on skin or into ear.

Animax

Mometamax

- joint commission and the institute for safe medical practice

- misread

- copied or transcribed improperly

- U and IU

- IU and IV

- q.o.d. and q.i.d. and q.d. - better to write daily or every other day

- not to use trailing zeros

- right Drug

- right Dose

- right Time of admin

- right Route of admin

- right Patient

6th right - right documentation

Do Drugs Rowse the Patient in Time?

1. Temperature

2. Method of Admin

3. Genetic factors - herding breeds don't metabolize Ivermectin

4. Body weight - especially respiratory depressants/ anesthesia

5. Age

6. Sex

7. Condition of patient

8. Psychological factors - not a factor for animals

 Most common routes of administration in animals?

Pros and cons:

Oral route: tablets, capsules, liquids, powders

Pros: 

may be easy to administer

inexpensive

adjust dose quickly

cons:  

first pass effect

side effect of vomitting

not palitable

may be difficult to administer

Rectal route:

Give 2 veterinary examples

List Pros and Cons:

1. Capstar for maggots and fleas

2. Diazepam suppositories for seizures

Pros:

easy to administer in dogs (difficult in cats)

Cons:

"ick" factor

slow onset of action

Pros:

- very easy to administer

- animals have a handy pocket of space under the dermis

- used to admin fluids/injectable medications

- owners can be taught to give injections at home

Cons:

- slow onset

- may be painful

- comfort level of owners

- Saline /lacerated Ringer solution

- vaccines

- antibiotics

Pros

- tolerable

- relatively easy to admin

- faster onset than SQ

- bypass the FPE (first pass effect)

Cons

- hard on thin animals

- quite painful

- temporary paralysis (Sciatic nerve - stay away)

- anesthesia

- heartworm treatment

- steroids

-antibiotics

- fastest onset of admin

- quickest results

bypass FPE

 cons:

- costly

- difficult to admin

- painful

- may need a catheter

- may be toxic if leak out of the vein

pros

- quick absorbtion

- rapid recovery from anesthesia

cons

- difficult to admin

- animals can smell the anesthesia

- staff gets high

interosseous

in the bone -use the femur with a 20 gauge needle

1. age

2. sex

3. condition of patient

4. psychological factors

5. environmental factors

6. temperature

7. genetic factors

8. body weight

9. protein level

10. method of administration

- drug swallowed

- absorbed by digestive system

- carried through portal vein into liver

- liver metabolizes the drug

- small amount of drug reaches the circulatory system

1. Gastrointestinal lumen enzymes

2. Gut wall enzymes

3. Bacterial enzymes

4. Hepatic enzymes

use GAS to GUTaWALL in the BACK to a HEAP

1. Lungs

2. Renal (urine)

3. Bile (processed by the liver)

4. Sweat

5. Breast Milk

Liver: if not functioning properly, less drug will be broken down, and more durg will remain in body.

Kidney: Kidneys need to be working in order to excrete the drugs, otherwise elevated level of drugin the body.

1. transduction

2. transmisson

3. modulation

4. perception

- processing of a noxious stimulus (medical, chemical or thermal) resulting in the perception of painby the brain.

- conversion of a noxious stimulus into electrical energy by a peripheral nocioceptor.

- free afferent nerve ending

1. NSAID's

2. opiods

3. local blocks

- electrical impulse is transmitted via the propogation through the peripheral nervous system via first-order neurons.

- electrical impulse travels along the nerves to the area of the spinal cord via transmission.

- occurs when first-order neurons synapse with secon-order neurons in the dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord.

1. opiods

2. NSAID's

3. SSRI's

4. TCA's

5. alpha -2 agonists

6. NMDA antagonists

- the cerebral cortical response to nocioceptive signals projected by third-order neurons to the brain.

NSAID - Rimadyl

Opiod - Tramadol

NMDA - Aman

Supplement - Duralactin

Oral Joint Supplement - Phycox, Synovil, Cosequin

PSAG's - Adequan (steroid)

- over time with repeated signals to brain, there is a state of neuroplasticity.

- spinal cord and cells change in response to constant pain signals.

- results in even normal stimuli producing pain sensation.

- heat rate

- respiration rate

- pupil dilation

1. guarding

2. vocalizing

3. licking, biting, scratching, shaking

4. restlessness, pacing

5. lack of mobility

6. failure to groom

7. abnormal resting postures

8. failure to show normal patterns of inquisitiveness

- used to send and receive messages from other neurons.

- brain neurons- both ends have dendrites

- neurons controlling muscles: one dendrite and a terminal button that communicates with muscle.

Define myelin sheath

Define synapse

- covers the axon

- gap between dendrites of different neurons

axon

dendrite

terminal button

myelin sheath

soma

synapse

- series of neurons connected for one dedicated purpose

- learn a response to a stimulus repeatedly: this will establish a neural  pathway

- to "unlearn" a problem behavior, the neural pathway needs to be abolished and a new pathway needs to be created.

- electric signala transmitted down axon

- signal reaches dendrites

- causes neuron to release chemical

- chemical = neurotransmitter

- neurotransmitters float across synapse and bind to the next neuron in the chain

- bind to proteins called receptors.

- receptors are shape specific to the neurotransmitter which will bind to it

- 5-HT

- 12 different types

- most important are  5-HT2a and 5-HT reuptake

GABA

Glutamate

- GABAreceptor

- glutamate receptor

What is the neurotransmitter that pairs with

adrenergic receptor?

- Noradrenaline

- dopamine receptor (D1 or D2)

Opiates

Substance P

- opiod receptor also known as mu receptor

- substance P has no speciic receptor, gets absorbed into the cell

- excites the postsynaptic cell

- very extensive pathways

- effects most of the brain

- lack of serotonin causes depression

- responsible for healthy functioning of executive brain centers

- toxic to cells (Seotonin syndrome) therefore tightly controlled

- excess is re-absorbed

- two distinct 5-HT receptors

- 5-HT on post synaptic cell allows electrical signal to be generated

- 5-HT uptake receptor: found on the releasing cell. Take back up any leftover serotonin to prevent toxicity.

GABA

- too much excitation

 -thought to cause mania in bipolar disorder

  animal  nervous all the time: establishes pathways that are detrimental. 

- By suppressing these pathways, or inhibiting them, we have a better chance of creating newer, more appropriate pathways. 

- a chance to learn a new response.

- glutamate

- noradrenaline

- brain: acts similar to serotonin

- body: part of fight or flight response.

- Also released in response to stress

- damage to the hypothalamic- pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA)

1. controls plesure and reward:causes euphoria, and is involved in addiction

2. invovled in movement

- block other NT's from binding

- block central pain

- brain unable to process information re: pain

- in response to stereotypic behavior (ALD)

acepromazine

no

perceived dopamine depletion and norepinephrine depletion

dopamine blocked from binding to the receptor, but still present

True or false:

acepromazine has a sedative effect

1. acepromazine

2.azeperone

3. clozapine

4. haloperidol

5. thioridazine

Noceptin

Mu

Delta

Kappa

(opiate)

No More Dope Kay? Oops!

Which opiate agonist causes all 4:

respiratory depression

decreased motility

analgesia

pupil contraction

more densely found in different parts of the brain

acts on different parts of brain/spinal cord

false

which opiate agonist causes

euphoric effects

analgesia

encephalin

endorphin

endomorphin

(all endogenous)

morphine

buprenorphine

codeine

hydrocodone

fentenyl

naloxone

buprenorphine - both agonist and antagonist (used with felines)

1. useful for short term management of anxiety

2. may be root cause of sterotypic behavior. (ALD)

1. analgesia

2. increase in dopamine

3. fever reducer

4. euphoria

1. mu

2. delta

3. kappa

More Dope Kay! Endorse!

1. exercise

2. injury

3. disease

4. repetative/stereotypic behavior

define anxioloytic:

Give example:

class of drugs that alleviate anxiety

example: benzopiazepine

false

1. agonist - binds to GABA receptors - inhibits response

2. weaken neuron pathway which has established a behavior response (acral lick = inappropriate response)

3. by weakening pathway, allows another more appropriate pathway through behavior training to be established.

1.nerve impulse

2. release of GABA from storage site on neuron 1

3.GABA released into syaptic cleft

4. GABA reacts with receptors on neuron 2 

5. allows CI to enter neuron

6. Inhibits further progress of nerve impluse

7. Benzodiazepine reacts with GABAa receptor complex

8. enhances the inhibatory effect of GABA, may completely block impulse

- short term anti-anxiety while SSRI's are building up

-  as a sedative in higher doses to be used as part of an anesthesia regime.

- for inappropriate urination in cats: works as a skeletal muscle relaxer and can relax the urethral sphincter

-anxiety or phobias

generalized anxiety

separation anxiety

travel anxiety

storm phobia

noise phobia

vomiting

gagging

colitis

increased excitement

sedation

increased appetite

preceived behavioral disinhibition

too much serotonin in system:

hyperthermia

tremors

seizures

egg whites

soybean

cheese

trukey

pork

etc.

1. pre-synaptic cell utilizes tryptophan -synthesizes serotonin

2. travel outside the pre-synaptic neuron to the syaptic area

3. receptors capture seotonin and transport them to post synaptic neuron

4. the serotonin not transported return and  re-uptake at the pre-syaptic neuron occurs, or serotonin is destroyed

5-HT1A

5-HT1D

 to front of the brain:

executive functions

emotions

intentional behavior

muscle rigitdity

myoclonus

salivation

agitation

hyerthermia

toxic dose: 23.6 mg/lk

lethal dose: 128 mg/kg

- MAOI increases concentration of seotonin

- SSRI increases half lie of serotonin producing longer activation of multiple receptors.

- increase stim to seotonin receptors =  serotonin syndrome

decontamination

anticonvulsants

thermoregulation

fluid therapy

can be compared to human alzheimer's

disorientation

indifference to owners

sleep wake cycles

house soiling

also:

vocalization

phobias

anxiety

D.I.S.H

inhibiting monamine oxidase

preventing breakdown of NT's thereby increasing their availability

True or false:

all species have identical ratios of MAO-A and MAO-B

MAOI stops the degredation of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

More NT in the cell for release

fewer end products (toxic)

also inhibit the reuptake receptors

- concurrent TCA, SSRI therapy

- can cause serotonin syndrome

- dogs on prednisone (steroid)

trimethoprim (antibiotic)

metronidazole (antibiotic)

drug therapy (Anapryl)

environmental enrichment

diets rich in antioxidents

supplements (Anxitane)

tricyclic antidepressant

contain three rings of atoms

True or false:

TCA's affect more than one NT

- inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin reputake receptors

- blocks reuptake of both NT increasing NT concentration

sedation

weight gain

decreased grooming

cardiovascular effects

cause an increasein adrenaline in the body

concurrent MAOI user

history of seizure, glaucoma or cardiac problems

- member of the coxib class of non-narcotic non-steroid cyclooxygenase-inhibiting anti-inflamatory

cox-1

cox-2

1. platelet aggregation (blood clotting)

2. gastric mucosal protection (digestion)

3. renal perfusion (blood flows to the kidneys)

-produced by cox-1 and cox-2

- any member of a group of lipid compounds that are made from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body.

blood vessels

stmoach

kidneys

- prostaglandins are a normal part of physiological functioning.

- when disrupted, can affect kidney function, cause vomitting, diarrhea, blood clotting, etc.

- can cause dilation of renal blood vessels allowing perfusion despite decreased blood pressure

kidney cell death is only an issue if blood pressure is low.

- importance of keeping animal well hydrated during surgery.

- lack enzyme to metabolize NSAID

easy to overdose

- arthritis

- surgical pain

- preoperative/postoperative

-for any inflamatory process

1. GI: vomitting, diarrhea

2. bleeding disorders

3. renal/liver problems

4. Meacam off label for felines

steroids essential for maintenance of everyday functioning;

ability for body to respond to stress of any nature

- every cell in body has a receptor for GC

- GC binds to receptor

- activated GR complex up-regulates anti-inflamatory proteins i the nucleus of the cell

- represses (down-regulates) the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in the cell.

1. Oral (liquid and tablet) - prednisone

2. Injectable - dexamethaxone, Depo-Medrol

3. Topical ointment - Animax, Mometamax

4. Topical Spray - Betajen

sense of euphoria

increase appetite

increase water consumption

increase mobility

1. increased water consumption - polydysia

2. increased urination - polyuria

3. loss of bladder control

4. ravenous appetite

5. increased panting

- even topical steroids can have an effect on behavior

1. weight gain

2. diabetes

3. liver changes

4. increased protein in urine

5. calcium oxalate crystals

6. increased blood pressure

7. delayed wound healing

8. GI bleeding ulcer

9. Melena

10. changes in behavior - increased aggression

- do not administer with aspirin, any other NSAID or with other steroids

NSAID plus steroid can cause abdominal bleed

cholesterol

ringed shape

adrenal glands

on top of each kidney

estrogen  produced in the ovarian follicles therefore levels fluctuate with estrus cycle.

in dogs, cycle is only every 6-7 months.

True or false:

hyperestrogenism can mask smptoms of hyperthyroidism:

spay = lack of estrogen

decrease strength of urethral sphincter,

causes urinary incontinence

1. aggression

2. millary eczema in cats

3. stress induced overgrooming

1. increased alertness

2.intensity of response

3. strength of the dog

how do sex hormones relate to behavior

causes different brain development in all animals.

estrogen causes different development than testosterone

behaviors and thoughts modifed stronly by sex hormones

thyroid gland

produced in a cyclical fashion

1. skin health

2. heart rate

3. brain function

4. weight

5. body control

6. activity level

low thyroid=high cortisol

may lead to aggression

or

thyroid hormone suspected of having a relationship with normal functioning of the serotonin-dopamine pathway

cold

lethargic

overweight

excessive vocalization

loss of litter box training

begging for food

aggression

apathy

soloxine

levothyroxine

synthroid

potential to OD dog

need to be positive that dog IS hypotyroid

panting

increase appetite

restlessness

increased water consumption

polysulphated glycoxaminoglycan

Proteolytic enzyme

inhibitor for arthritis

is it ADEQuate to be PROlific when it comes to arthritis? POLY GLYCO thinks so.

gabapentin

anti-convulsant

neuropathic pain analgesic

makes you NEUrotic to GAB a lot; will need  ANTI-CONversation

tramadol

mu opiate receptor agonist

the ULtimate TRAM ride is on MU opiate

diazepam

No VALUe in DIeing

Generic name for Xanax:

alprazolam

benzodiazepam/ sedative

ZANa needed AL to calm down and talk to BENny

amitriptyline

TCA

because it ELAvates AMy's mood (anti-depressant)

clomipramine

TCA

because it keeps CLOe CALM - anti-depressant

paroxetine

SSRI

Packs a punch; and no PAROdox : anti-depressant

fluoxetine

SSRI

SuRIwas a PRO at fighting the FLU

carprofen

NSAID

N SAID the RIM of the CAR was PRO

selegiline

MAOI

ANnie PRIL saw MAO SELL to GIL

prednisone/prednisolone

GC

glucocorticoid

the PREsiDent could GLUe the CORd oy!

acepromazine

phenothiazine sedative

PHone THIA to SEDATE her from going to the PROM with ACE

levothyroxine

thyroid hormone

Sol's OX will LEaVe the THYROID HORMONE alone

1. excessive weight gain

2. lack of normal hair sheen

3. hair loss

4. poor exercise tolerance

5. moodiness

- thyroid carcinoma

- hyperactivity and nervousness

- uncommon in cats

short term use will give immediate benefit while the use of fluoxetine or Clomicalm is built up in the system to clinically significant levels.

- anorexia

- emesis

-elevation of lever enzymes

Elavil

Tricyclic Behavior Modifier

aged cheese

grapes

chocolate

react with Clomipramine and make the drug toxic

sedation,

constipation,

urinary retention

hyperexcitability