Term
|
Definition
| the physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by other organisms. |
|
|
Term
| Immune systems act against_____ (5) not ____. |
|
Definition
1. non-self (microbes), altered self (tumor cells), infected cells, dead cells, sterile injury (foreign bodies)
2. self (normal host cells) |
|
|
Term
| Physiologic targets of immune attack include_____? |
|
Definition
1. infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, multicellular parasites (protozoa) and their products (may include sterile foreign bodies)
2. altered host cells such as tumor cells, infected cells, apoptotic cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the essential features of immune systems? (4) |
|
Definition
1/ breadth
2. selectivity
3. immunity
4. tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to act against a broad range of potential targets sch as diverse microbes and a wide range of altered host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity directed selectively against microbes (non-self) and altered host cells (altered self) but NOT against normal host cells (self) |
|
|
Term
| What does breadth and selectivity of immunity depend on? |
|
Definition
| elaboration of diverse immune recognition systems that selectively recognize UNIQUE molecules or molecular motifs expressed by non-self or altered self and not by self. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immune recognition + attack against non-self and altered self
- immune recognition and immune effectors |
|
|
Term
| What does a deficiency in immunity lead to? Name 2 such deficiencies. |
|
Definition
increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, rheumatolgic diseases, malignancies, chronic diseases
- COPD, atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| What is tolerance? What is a deficiency of tolerance? |
|
Definition
- restriction or absence of immune recognition/attack against self
- autoimmunity |
|
|
Term
| What are some excessive/inappropriate reactions to non-self? |
|
Definition
- hypersensitivity/allergy
- systemic inflammation
- transplantation rejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microbial flora that is not normally pathogenic- play helpful roles in immune and tissue development, development of immune tolerance, protect against infection by pathogenic microbes |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelia is most likely to be breached by pathogens? |
|
Definition
| mucosal epithelia that is one cell layer thick or has a function depending on transport across the apical surface for oxygen, nutrient, and waste product exchange |
|
|
Term
| what does recruitment and activation of systemic defense depend on? |
|
Definition
specialized and regulated migratory properites of different leukocyte populations such as B and T lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, dendritic cells
- specialized and regulated surface properties of endothelia
- regulated expression and secretion of immune signaling molecules (diffusible mediators) |
|
|
Term
| How can extracellular parasites such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa cause host damage? |
|
Definition
| produce and secrete directly toxic products and/or induce host cell perturbations by direct cell-cell contract |
|
|
Term
| How can intracellular parasites such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, cause host damage? |
|
Definition
| disturb metabolism and structural integrity of infected host cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiologic roles of host inflammatory and immune responses? |
|
Definition
| interruption and elimination of invading microbes |
|
|
Term
| Signals are required to activate host inflammatory and immune responses. WHat activates the signals? |
|
Definition
1. invading microbes
2. infected or damaged host cells
3. activated host cells responding to a released product from an invading microbe or altered host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less selective effects when signals are of increased magnitude and duration when invading microbes are not efficiently eliminated - can cause damage |
|
|
Term
| What are three things that increase the probability that invading microbes are eliminated and the host is returned to a homeostatic state? |
|
Definition
1. sensitive immune recognition mechanism to permit rapid and robust mobilization of
2. potent immune effectors to arrest and eliminate the invading microbes
3. later host responses to faciliate resolution of host inflammatory and immune responses. |
|
|
Term
| What determines the outcome of infection like cancer? (3) |
|
Definition
Race between:
1. growth
2. spread of infection
3. host response |
|
|
Term
D = (N) (V)/R
What does each mean? |
|
Definition
D = probability of disease
N = number of invading microbes
V = virulence of the microbe (ability to survive, multiply at site of infection and invade); ability to cause host damage and produce toxic products
R = host resistance to microbe and microbial products at the site of infection/invasion/intoxication |
|
|
Term
| Who invtented vaccinations and how? |
|
Definition
Edward Jenner in 1796
- used cowpox on a boy and observed if resistant to smallpox |
|
|
Term
| What was the first infectious disease erradicated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What immunity can be acquire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are children more susceptible to infection? |
|
Definition
| adaptive immunity takes time to develop and exposure |
|
|
Term
| How to antibiotics increase resistance to infection? |
|
Definition
| act directly on the invading microbe to inhibit microbial multiplication; if microbicidal wiil eliminate viable microbes already present |
|
|
Term
| How does natural infection or vaccination lead to resistance to infection? |
|
Definition
increase in number and reactivity of specific host cells responsive to products of specific invading microbes
- increased rate, extent of mobilization of host defense with earlier control, and eradadication of infection |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary defense against infection? |
|
Definition
| innate immunity; able to act at or shortly after birth without prior exposure; induces the adaptive response |
|
|
Term
| Describe the genes mediating innate immunity |
|
Definition
hard-wired into the genome
act right after birth without prior exposure
all members of a species have similar repertoire |
|
|
Term
| describe the genese encoding proteins for the adaptive response. |
|
Definition
genes reguire somatic recobination
- induced by prior exposure
different in all peopel based on exposure |
|
|
Term
| What are the innate immune recognition proteins? |
|
Definition
pattern recognition receptors (PRR's)
- recognize conserved, unique molecular motifs expressed by broad classes of microbes or stressed host cells
- dancer molecules |
|
|
Term
Compare the number of PRR's to antibodies and T cell receptors
- which is more selective?
- which has more breadth |
|
Definition
PRR's - limited with less than 1000 different ones
antibodies and T cell receptors - high number with greater than 10^6; more selective targets and greater breadth of immune recognition |
|
|
Term
| Describe the repertoire of PRR"s |
|
Definition
unchanged during life
- same among all indiciduals with functionally signifiant nucleotide based polymorphisms of PRR's |
|
|
Term
| WHat kinds of cells express PRR's? Examples. |
|
Definition
many different cell types in innate immunity
- leukocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, eosinophils, mast cells, endothelia, epithelia, CT, hepatocytes, etc. |
|
|
Term
Which cells express Ig's or antibodies?
which express T cell receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is polyclonal? monoclonal?
- Ig's and T cell receptors
- PRR's |
|
Definition
polyclonal - pRR - many cells of a lineage express many different PRR's
monoclonal - Ig's and T cell receptors - B and T cells ecpress one of specificity |
|
|
