Term
| 4 cradles of civilization |
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Definition
| Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China |
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Term
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Definition
| Cuneiform writing, theocracy, math, time based on units of 60 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mesopotamia - Babylonians |
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Definition
| Also called "Amorites", Hammurabi's code (written law), Epic of Gilgamesh (1st great peice of epic literature) |
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Term
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Definition
| iron smelting, horse warfare |
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Term
| Mesopotamia - Assyrian Empire (Nineva) |
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Definition
| Initially a peaceful civilization, but turned vengeful, terrorism, army totally equipped with iron weapons |
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Term
| Mesopotamia - Chaldean Empire (Babylonians) |
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Definition
| King Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem |
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Term
| Mesopotamia - Persian Empire |
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Definition
| effective world government, greatest ancient empire - conquered most of middle east, founded by Cyrus the Great |
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Term
| Mesopotamia - Phoenicians |
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Definition
| invented alphabet. explorers, traders, colonizers. |
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Definition
| wealthy civilization. invented coin money. |
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Definition
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Definition
| mountains protected India |
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Definition
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Definition
| Hindu Kush, Karakorum, Himalayans |
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Definition
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Definition
| agriculture, domestication of animals. Considered to have greater influence than Egypt and Mesopoatmia |
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Term
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Definition
| Indian epic that dealt with struggle between Indians and Aryans |
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Term
| India - Hinduism (evolution) |
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Definition
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Term
| India - Hinduism (Upanishads) |
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Definition
| religious works written as dialoques |
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Term
| India - Hinduism (Moksha) |
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Definition
| Perfect understanding. Achieved in 2nd or 3rd life |
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Term
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Definition
| effect of a person's actions |
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Term
| India - Hinduism (Brahman) |
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Definition
| "world soul" - everything has a soul |
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Term
| India - Hinduism (Jainism) |
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Definition
| takes "Everything has a soul" to the extreme |
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Term
| India - Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama) |
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Definition
| Had the marks of a great man, but was initially secluded from the world by his father |
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Term
| India - Buddhism (4 Noble Truths) |
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Definition
- Life is filled with suffering
- Cause of suffering is selfish desire
- To end suffering is to end desire
- to end suffering, you must follow the 8-fold path |
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Term
| India - Buddhism (Nirvana) |
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Definition
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Term
| China - Geography and Imports |
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Definition
| 70% of China is fertile soil. China imported food. |
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Term
| China - Government Evolution |
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Definition
| went from Dynasty, Republic, to Communism |
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Term
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Definition
| central to chinese society |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st Chinese society (according to legend) |
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Definition
| outside invaders, development of Chinese culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Mandate of Heaven (God chooses leaders). Adopted Shang culture. Introduced Feudalism . Traditions start to collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Confucianism - ethical code. Confucius wanted to restore China. |
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Term
| China - Confucius (5 Relationships) |
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Definition
| ruler & subject, father & son, husband & wife, older brother & younger brother, friend & friend |
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Definition
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Definition
| made Confucius Minister of Justice |
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Definition
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Definition
| relationship between all living things |
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Definition
| eventually took over whole country and mostly overthrew Confucianism. Believed that force and punishment made effective government. |
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Definition
| Great Wall of China. Used Legalist ideas to combat civil war. 2nd empire fails. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the longest and best Chinese Dynasties. About the same time as the Greeks. Chinese people refer to themselves today as "people of the Han". Returned to Confucianism |
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Definition
| co-ruled with Hatshepsut. Took over after her death. Largest empire in Egypt at the time |
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Term
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Definition
most powerful pharaoh.
- referred to as the great ancestor
- ruled almost 70 years
- built cities/monuments
- most celebrated pharaoh
- established capital city.
- made Egypt wealthy
- 1st queen was Nefertiti |
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Term
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Definition
| co-ruled with Hatshepsut. Took over after her death. largest empire in Egypt at the time. |
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Term
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Definition
- most powerful/celebrated pharoah
- ruled almost 70 yrs
- referred to as Great Ancestor
built numerous cities /monuments
- established capital city
- changed religious structure
- made Egypt wealthy
1st queen was Nefertiti |
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Definition
| forefather of many tribes. "cult leader". profit and reformer of Kaaba |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st king of Kingdom of Israel. led Isrealites to victory against army of Goliath |
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Term
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Definition
| Saul's son and successor. composted many psalms. acclaimed warrior/slew Goliath. ruled Juda. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Great One". 3rd king. 1st temple in Jerusalem. idolatry. buildings. wealthy. |
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Term
| China - Han dynasty (Emperor Lu) |
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Definition
| ruled in children's stead. |
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Term
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Definition
| unified culture. invented paper, plow, collar harness for horses. Collapsed after Civil war |
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Term
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Definition
| declared first Sui dynasty. scholars, artistic golden age of China |
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Term
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Definition
| population doubles. science/technology. trade. emergence of the gentry |
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Term
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Definition
(title. not a name)
basically Mongolian emperor. conquers much of Asia. very cruel. |
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Term
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Definition
| split China into 4 canonites. Ruled over China and started Mongol dynasty |
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Term
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Definition
| traveled to China but no one believed him |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd largest cont. in world. few harbors/ports. nomadic hunter gatherers. many modern tribes practive ancient ways. |
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Term
| Africa - basic social unit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
animism (human and animal ancestors)
Griots - storytelling/history |
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Term
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Definition
earlist known culture besides Egypt
first iron smelters
capital Kjenne-Djeno. oldest known city in Africa besides Egypt. Bantu were initially part of this tribe |
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Term
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Definition
| herders. breifly conquered Africa |
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Term
| Africa - Kingdom of Arksum (Ethiopia) |
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Definition
| very powerful. kickstarted society. |
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Term
| Africa - Ehtiopian Dynasty |
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Definition
| started with King Solomon's son and continued to 20th century |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hot, mountainous. little fertile ground. Peninsula. exported wool, wine, olives, olive oil. |
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Term
| Pre-Greek cultures (Minoan Civilization of Crete) |
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Definition
| probably wiped out from volcanic activity. |
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Term
| Pre-Greek cultures (Mycenean) |
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Definition
| Athens. Trade. Heavily fortified. |
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Term
| Pre-Greek cultures (Troy) |
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Definition
| thought to be mythical. 10 yr war over Helen. |
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Term
| Pre-Greek cultures (Dorian) |
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Definition
| fierce, warlike, Spartans claim to have Dorian ancestors. Indo-European |
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Term
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Definition
| Illiad & Oddysey (1st European literature.) Polytheistic. tribal cheiftons limited by a council of nobles. city-states were encouraged to emigrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| fortified land, city center |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| independent and sovereign |
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Term
| Greece - Early Political Rule |
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Definition
| cheiftan control lead into hereditary monarchies. Kings replaced by oligarchies. |
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Term
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Definition
| oligarchies replaced by tyrants. often benevolent dictators |
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Term
| Greece - Factors in the Unity of Greeks |
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Definition
| Mountains. pride. common language. Gods/Goddesses. Olympics. Common literature. |
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Term
| Greece - Athens government |
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Definition
| region of Attica. unified under kings, nobles, hereditary monarchy replaced by aristocratic oligarchy |
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Term
| Greece - Athens (Archons) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| public code of law. (harsh law) |
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Term
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Definition
chosen Archon.
reforms:
land debts cancelled
debt slaves freed
replaced Draconian laws with milder laws
uniform system of weights and measeres
society divided into wealth classes (rather than birth) |
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Term
| Greece - Athens (Period of Tyranny) |
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Definition
| appointed dictators for 6 months each |
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Term
| Greece - Athens (Cleisthenes) |
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Definition
"Father of Democracy"
Assembbly
Council of 500
heliacs
strategor (military)
ostracism (leaders who are disliked are ostracized)
basic principles:
-each citizen given opportunity to hold offie
- ordinary citizens as bureaucrats |
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Term
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Definition
cause: greek Ionian city-states revolt
- greeks were the only people Persians couldn't conquer |
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Term
| Persian Wars - Darius the Great |
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Definition
| burns greek city of Miletus to the ground |
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Term
| Persian Wars - 1st Persian War |
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Definition
| ended because fleets hit a storm and sunk |
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Term
| Persian Wars - Battle of Marathon |
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Definition
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Term
| Persian Wars - 3rd Persian invasion |
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Definition
Xerxes wants revenge
- Athens & Sparta find common enemy of Persians |
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Term
| Persian Wars - Battle of Thermopylae |
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Definition
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Term
| Persian Wars - Battle of Salamis Bay & Battle of Patalae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Pericles fathers golden age of Greece
- Sparta vs. Athens
- Sparta devastates Attica. People flee to acropolis. Spartans build navy and win.
- Athens eventually rises again |
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Term
| Heritage of Hellenic Civilization - Thales |
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Definition
| father of philosophy. astronomy, philosophy, geography, algebra |
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Term
| Heritage of Hellenic Civilization - Democrates |
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Definition
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Term
| Heritage of Hellenic Civilization - Sophists |
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Definition
| all truth is relative, not absolute. Teachers in philososphy. |
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Term
| Heritage of Hellenic Civilization - Socrates |
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Definition
`- know thyself
- question everything
- only pursuit of goodness can bring happiness |
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Term
| Heritage of Hellenic Civilization - Plato |
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Definition
The Academy
The World of Forms
The Republic - the philosopher kings |
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Term
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Definition
The Lyceum
Golden mean - everything in moderation
Logic
scientific method |
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Term
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Definition
tragedians
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides |
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Term
| Heritage of Hellenistic Cultures - Science |
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Definition
Pythagoras
Democratus (atoms)
Hippocrates (father of medicine) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most successful organization in history |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
10 year draft services
century - 100 men commanded by Centurich
Rome never lost a war.
Marius - professional army discipline
- 6 centuries formed a cohort. 100 centuries called a legion. |
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Term
| Plebian struggle for equality |
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Definition
creation of tribunes
- watch out for rights of Plebians. served for 1 yr.
- 12 tablets form roman law.
- tribal assembly could enact laws without consent of senate
- senate is still supreme |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek King Phyrus Battles Rome. Greeks won but still withdrew. |
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Term
| Punic War with Carthridge |
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Definition
1st Punic War: carthridge & rome want Sicily
2nd Punic War: carthridge wants revenge
- Hannibal - great general |
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Term
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Definition
| Romans took pride in having well-educated Greek servants. |
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Term
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Definition
decline of roman former
rise of unemployment
decline of political moral
decline of political stability |
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Term
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Definition
reform attempts
- tiberus Gracchus
Gaus Gracchus |
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Term
| 1st stage of Roman Civil War |
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Definition
1st stage of civil war: Marius vs. Sulla
- Marius dies. Sulla comes back as general dictator
- Sulla dies |
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Term
| 2nd stage of Roman civil war |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1st thing Christians argue about: who is saved? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| official religion of rome |
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Term
| only institution to survive the dark ages and the fall of Rome |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| halted persecution of Christians |
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Term
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Definition
bon in Mecca
raised by grandfather anc uncle
worked as camel tender. married widow he worked for |
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Term
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Definition
| Kaaba - black stone rumored to be the stone of Abraham's potential sacrifice. |
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Term
| Muhammad's vision from Gabriel |
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Definition
"There is no god but Allah"
Muhammad was Allah's prophet |
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Term
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Definition
went to preach in front of Kaaba
run out of town for preaching. Travels to Medina.
marches army back to Mecca. |
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Term
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Definition
| first year of muslim calendar. MUhammad travels to medina. |
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Term
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Definition
| basically the word of Gabriel |
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Term
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Definition
- no god but allah
almsgiving - give to the poor
fasting
prayer
pilgrimage to Mecca |
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Term
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Definition
| blood relative to Muhammad. Rumored to return to lead Islam. |
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Term
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Definition
Sunni - believe the caliph of Islam should be the best candidate.
Shi'ite - caliph should be blood related to Muhammad or religious leaders should lead instead |
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Term
| Rome - Rise of the Dark Ages |
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Definition
| Barbarian tribes invade Rome. violent and paganistic. Conquer and destroy rome. Civilization halted and reversed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clovis I - first great French king. married a Christian. first barbarian king to convert to Christianity. defeated many tribes and built a kingdom. |
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Term
| in the next 200 yrs after Clovis |
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Definition
| Frankish empire declines. Muslims and Slavs threaten to invade |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 732. stopped Muslims. prevented Europe from becoming Muslim |
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Term
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Definition
| son of Charles Martel. Elected king. forged alliance of papacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| great warrior. feudalism. crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Carolingian Renaissance. feudalism brings stability. |
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Term
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Definition
Divides empire among 3 sons.
Louis the German
Charles the Bald (France)
Lothair (Holy Roman Empire of middle kingdom) |
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Term
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Definition
| last Carolingian rule. briefly united Holy Roman Empire. |
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Term
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Definition
| began Capetian dynasty in France |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| code of honor for aristocracy |
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Term
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Definition
| establishes 300 yrs of rule by Capetian family |
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Term
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Definition
| lays foundation of royal power in France. |
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Term
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Definition
| very religious. Not a strong ruler. Married Eleanor (rode into town naked protesting) |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd crusade. Expansion of royal authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Triples royal domain. 3rd crusade. Expansion of royal authority |
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Term
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Definition
| issues laws for whole country to obey him. most chivalrous king. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
raised monarchy
estates general
conflict w/ church
Bablyonian Captivity of Church
Convinces cardinals to elect KIng as Pop |
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Term
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Definition
| divided empire into 2 parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Constantine grasnted religious tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| made christianity official religion of Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| last western Roman emperor |
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Term
| Hitler's appeal to German People |
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Definition
appeals to ego (builds self-esteem)
attacked treat of Versailles
attacked "war guilt clause" |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler refers to Germany as the third empire |
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Term
| Hitler's Legal Seizure of Power - election of 1930 |
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Definition
| nazi party is the 2nd largest |
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Term
| Hitler's Legal Seizure of Power |
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Definition
| Hitler appted Chancellor due to Nazi pressure |
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Term
| Hitler's Legal Seizure of Power - Enabling Act |
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Definition
| gave dictator powers to Hitler. "Der Fuhrer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler's righthand man. executed in bloodpurge. |
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Term
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Definition
| founded gestapho (secret police) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| head of economics. starts concentration and labor camps. |
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Term
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Definition
| germans considered purest. anti-semitism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Religion shortly before holocaust |
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Definition
| religious leaders against Hitler were sent to concentration camps |
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Term
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Definition
| foreign affairs. sought to re-arm germany. withdrew Germany from league of nations |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler convinces other countries that he's trying to acquire living space by conquering |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact |
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Term
| Date Hitler invaded Poland |
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Definition
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Term
| Hitler starts conscription & invades |
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Definition
| France and Great Britain did nothing. Appeasement. |
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Term
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Definition
| British invades Dunkirk. Lost all supplies |
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Term
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Definition
| Nazis take over portion of France |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Free french
Gen. Charles de Gaille
Free france surrenders |
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Term
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Definition
Luftwaffe - German airforce
Operation sea lion
Royal air force
british people invented radar
neither side wins |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler's surprise attack on Russia. Hitler's greatest blunder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
U.S. sells arms to allies.
transferred 50 destroyers for 99 yr lease |
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Term
| Selective Service & Training |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allowed arms trade with any allies. Declaration of War |
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Term
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Definition
| FDR and Churchill met U.N. |
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Term
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Definition
December 7, 1941
U.S. declares war on Japan next day. Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. |
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Term
| U.S. forces invade sicily |
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Definition
| leads to unconditional surrender of Italy |
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Term
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Definition
Gen. Erwin Rommel
Commander of German Afrika Korpe |
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Term
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Definition
Gen. Erwin Rommel
Commander of German Afrika Korpe |
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Term
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Definition
| D-Day. General Dwight Eisenhower |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| led to final defeat of Nazi Germany |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| saved Austrailia from Japanese invastion |
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Term
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Definition
| saved Hawaii from Japanese. First major defeat of Japanese. |
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Term
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Definition
| first major offfensive by U.S. |
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