Term
|
Definition
secrete products(hormones)into
the internal environment(the blood) |
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete products (ie: enzymes, digestive juices, etc.) into the external environment (ie: digestive tract or skin) |
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Term
|
Definition
A chemical transported throughout the body in blood and binds to target cell receptors
_____ cause changes in the activity of their target cells to maintain homeostasis |
|
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Term
| What are the major endocrine glands? (8) |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid & parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries & testes, pineal gland, thymus |
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Term
| What other system works closely with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of signaling molecule does the endocrine system use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of signaling molecule does the nervous system use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which system (the endocrine or nervous) works more quickly? |
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Definition
| The nervous system, because neuro-transmitters transmit messages faster then hormones. They are more direct where are hormones have to travel to site. |
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Term
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Definition
Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Location of target cells: cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, and other body tissues
Hormone function: stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism |
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Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Location of target cells: thyroid gland
Hormone function: stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones |
|
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Term
| follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
Gland: Anterior pituitary
Location of target cells: testes, ovaries
Hormone function: stimulates sperm production or stimulates oocyte production and estrogen production |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Location of target cell: testes, ovaries
Hormone Function: Stimulates secretion of testosterone or triggers ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Location of Target Cells: Mammary Gland
Hormone Function: stimulates production and secretion of milk |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Location of target cell: adrenal cortex
Hormone function: stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Anterior Pituitary
Location of target cells: skin
Hormone function: darkens skin pigmentation |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Posterior Pituitary
Location of Target cells: kidneys
Hormone function: decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Gland: Posterior Pituitary
Location of target cells: uterus and mammary glands
Hormone Function: Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling |
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Term
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Definition
Gland: Thyroid gland
Location of target cells: most body cells
Hormone function: increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate (BMR). |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Thyroid Gland
Location of Target Cells: Most body cells
Hormone Function: Increases metabolism and BMR |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Thyroid Gland
Location of Target Cells: Osteoclast cells in bones
Hormone Function: Decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Parathyroid Glands
Location of target cells: Osteoclast cells in bones
Hormone Function: Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Adrenal Cortex
Location of Target Cells: Kidneys
Hormone Functions: Decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Adrenal Gland
Location of target cells: Liver, muscle, and cells involved in body defenses
Hormone Function: Increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decrease inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Adrenal Cortex
Location of Target Cells: Uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristics.
Hormone Function: insignificant in males; increases sex drive in females |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Adrenal Medulla
Location of target cells: body cells involved in fight-or-flight response
Hormone function: promotes fight-or-flight response |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Adrenal Medulla
Location of target cells: body cells involved in fight-or-flight response
Hormone Function: promotes fight-or-flight response |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Pancreas
Location of target cells: most body cells
Hormone function: decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Pancreas
Location of target cells: liver
Hormone function: increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Ovaries
Location of target cells: uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics
Hormone function: stimulates development of female sex characteristics, helps regulate menstrual cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Ovaries
Location of target cells: uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics
Hormone function: stimulates development of female sex characteristics, helps regulate menstrual cycyle |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Testes
Location of target cells: Testes, muscle, and other body cells involved in male sexual characteristics
Hormone Function: Stimulates development of male sex characteristics; stimulates male sex drive; regulates sperm production |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Pineal Gland
Location of target cells: brain
Hormone Function: helps to set biological clock |
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Term
|
Definition
Gland: Thymus
Location of target cells: T cells (type of white blood cell involved in immune response)
Hormone function: Promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
thyroid gland makes insufficient amounts of T3 and T4
Worldwide the most common cited cause is due to iodine deficiency. Iodine is a necessary precursor in the synthesis of T3 and T4. Many other causes including: congenital, postpartum, iatrogenic, and connections to stress
Symptoms: fatigue/sluggishness, sensitivity to cold, weight gain, puffy face, aches and stiffness
Blood test (TSH) - High TSH levels in hypothroidism
treatment: treat with synthetic throid hormone (drug) ie: levothryroxine |
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Term
|
Definition
Thyroid gland oversecretes T3 and T4
Multiple causes including: Grave's disease (autoimmune) adenoma, throiditis, and postpartum throiditis
symptoms: sudden weight loss, rapid heart beat/irregular HB, increase in appetite, unusual sweating, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, and goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Blood test (TSH) - low TSH levels in inditive of hyperthroidism
treatment: anti-throid medication (make it more difficult to synthesize thyroid hormone) and sometimes surgery (throidectomy) |
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Term
|
Definition
Cause: Overproduction of human growth hormone during childhood (before long epiphyses close). Most commonly due to a benign tumor of the pituitary gland. Acromegaly resutls from excess GH in adulthood.
Characterized by excessive growth and height substantially above average. Average final height of individuals with gigantism is 7-9ft. Other symptoms include: headaches, delayed puberty, increased sweating, large hands & feet with thick fingers & toes, general weakness
Treatment: Generally surgery to remove the hormone-producing tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
Different types:
Type I - results from the body's failure to produce insulin (usually due to an autoimmune cause); beta-cell dysfunction
Type II - results from insulin resistance a condition in which cells fail to use/respond to insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency
Gestational - occurs in pregnant women not previously diagnosed with DM
Symptoms/Complications:
polyuria - increased urination
Polydipsia - increased thirst
Polyphagia - increased hunger
Reinopathy - inflammation/damage to the retina of eye
Nephropathy - damage/ disease of the kidney
Neuropathy - damage to a nerve/ nerve groups
Diagnosis:
-Fasting plasma glucose: >126mg/dl
-Casual plasma glucose: >200mg/dl
-2hr plasma glucose during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test > 200mg/dl
-pre-diabetes = fasting plasma glucose (100-125 mg/dl) normal: 70-100mg/dl
Treatment:
-Lifestyle Changes such as weight loss and exercise (mainly Type II DM)
-insulin injections (especially Type I DM)
-Medication (metformin-suppresses glucose production at the liver) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes organs of the GI (gastrointestinal) tract or alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| tube that extends from the mouth to the anus |
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Term
| Functions of the Digestive system |
|
Definition
| ingestion of food, secretion of digestive juices and enzymes, mixing and propulsion of food, digestion of food into small, absorbable molecules (both mechanical and chemical digestion), absorption of digestive products, and defecation |
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Term
|
Definition
| mouth -> most of the pharynx -> esophagus -> stomach -> small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus |
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|
Term
| What are the accessory digestive organs? |
|
Definition
| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
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|
Term
| What are the four layer that make up digestive wall? |
|
Definition
Mucosa - surface epithelium, CT (lamina propria), & smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa) (superficial)
Submucosa - areolar CT
Muscularis externa - inner circular smooth muscle + outer longitudinal smooth muscle
Serosa (deep) - visceral layer of the peritoneum (Note: called the adventitia in the esophagus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| largest serous membrane in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| lines the inner surface of abdominopelvic wall |
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|
Term
| Visceral peritoneum (serosa) |
|
Definition
| covers organs within the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| organs that lie outside of the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
the peritoneum contains large _____ that secure organs together and to the abdominal walls.
These are: Mesentery, mesocolon, falciform ligament, greater omentum & lesser omentum |
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Term
| The Mesentery holds what? |
|
Definition
| Holds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall |
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|
Term
| The mesocolon holds what? |
|
Definition
| Holds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall |
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|
Term
| The lesser omentum connects what? |
|
Definition
| connects the stomach to the liver |
|
|
Term
| The greater omentum is what type of layer? |
|
Definition
| fatty layer lining the anterior surface of the colon and small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What does the falciform ligament hold? |
|
Definition
| Holds the liver to the anterior abdominal wall |
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|
Term
| What is the mouth used for? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical mastication (chewing) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pharynx used for? (What is propulsion?) |
|
Definition
| Oropharynx + laryngopharynx are involved in propulsion which is contractions of the muscularis to propel food into the esophagus |
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Term
| What is the esophagus used for? (What is peristalsis?) |
|
Definition
Upper (laryngopharynx -> esophagus) and lower/cardiac (esophagus -> stomach) esophageal sphincter.
Peristalsis is a series of contractions and relaxations of muscularis to move food into the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are the four areas of the stomach? |
|
Definition
1)Cardia
2)Fundus-elevated area to the left of the cardia (used for temporary holding)
3) body -largest part of stomach, curved part of the stomach
4)Pylorus which is divided into 2 regions. The Pyloric antrum which is next to the body, and the pyloric canal which is nearer to the pyloric sphincter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| allow the stomach to stretch |
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Term
| What is the digestive function of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| secretion, mixing and propulsion of food as well as mechanical and chemical digestion |
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Term
| What are the three areas of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
1)Duodenum - short c-shape region
2) Jejunum - longest portion with thicker smooth muscle
3) ileum - last portion that ends with the ileocecal sphincter |
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|
Term
| What are some features of the small intestine that increase surface area? |
|
Definition
| Plicae circularis (circular folds) and villi/microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What is the digestive function of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| segmentation (mix and churn food) and propel food via peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| what is the large intestine also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three regions of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
1) the cecum which is short and extends inferiorly from the ileocecal sphincter
2) Colon - ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoidal
3) Rectum and anal canal - last segment that opens to the exterior through an opening called the anus |
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Term
|
Definition
| lymphatic tissue that branches off the cecum |
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Term
|
Definition
made of smooth muscle and is involuntary
(note: one of two sets of muscle sphincters at the anus) |
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Term
|
Definition
made of skeletal muscle and is voluntary
(note: one of two sets of muscle sphincters at the anus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that run along the length of the intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| pouches formed from contractions of teniae coli |
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Term
| epiploic (omental) appendages |
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Definition
| fat-filled pouches that hang from the teniae coli |
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Term
| What are the three different types of salivary glands? |
|
Definition
Parotid (Which is the largest salivary gland in humans), submandibular, and sublingual.
All three have ducts that open into the oral cavity. Main parotid and submandibular ducts while there are several smaller lesser sublingual ducts |
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Term
| What type of muscles attach the tongue to bone to hold it in position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle is the tongue composed of? |
|
Definition
| The tongue is composed of skeletal muscle called intrinsic muscle |
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|
Term
| What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for taste buds? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic regions of a tooth? |
|
Definition
1)Crown - part that can be seen above the gums
2)Neck - located in the region of the gum
3)Root - embedded in alveolar sockets of the maxilla or mandible; held in place by the peridontal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what covers most of the tooth and is hardened, calcified connective tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers and protects the dentin of the crown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the root and attaches to the peridontal ligament? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many teeth do adults have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incisors, cuspids, premolars, molars |
|
Definition
each jaw contains 4 ___ (cut food), 2 ___(tear food), ____ and ____ (crush and grind food)
note: premolars have two cusps while molars have four cusps |
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Term
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Definition
| Children have _____ teeth (temporary) that are later replaced by _____ (permanent) teeth |
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Term
| What are the three regions of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs from the tail to the head of the pancreas and joins with the common bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| opens into the duodenum (small intestine) at the major duodenal papilla |
|
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Term
| Accessory pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| smaller duct near the head of the pancreas branching off the pancreatic duct |
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Term
| The liver has how many lobes? |
|
Definition
The liver has two main lobes (right and left)
note: There are two smaller lobes that lie near the right lobe on the posterior side called the caudate(superior) and quadrate (inferior) lobes |
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|
Term
| What separates the right and left lobe of the liver? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| common hepatic duct, bile, gallbladder |
|
Definition
| the right and left hepatic ducts join to form the _______ which takes _____ to the _________ |
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Term
| cystic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla |
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Definition
| Bile leaves the gallbladder via the ___ to join the _____ to form the ____ which joins the ______ to form the _______ |
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Term
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Definition
Breaking good into smaller particles (No breaking of chemical bonds)
note: Mechanical digestion enhances the speed of chemical digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves digestive enzymes breaking the bonds of the food macromolecules (catabolism) |
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Term
| Where does mechanical digestion begin? And where does it end? |
|
Definition
| Begins at the mouth and continues in the stomach and small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down large pieces of food into smaller pieces |
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Term
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Definition
waves of smooth muscle contraction to mechanically churn and mix food and aid in propulsion along the GI tract
note: this occurs in the stomach and small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
smooth muscle contractions of back and forth movement to churn contents
note: occurs in small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| Macromolecules in food include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
prior to absorption, macromolecules must be broken down into smaller molecules (di- or mono-) through catabolism using digestive enzymes
this occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine |
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Term
| What breaks down starch in the mouth? |
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Definition
| Starch (Which is carbohydrate macromolecule) is broken down by salivary amylase (starch -> smaller polysaccharides) |
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Term
| What breaks down lipids in the mouth? |
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Definition
| Lingual lipase (triglycerides -> glycerol + fatty acids) |
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|
Term
| What breaks down proteins in the mouth? |
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Definition
| No chemical digestion of proteins happens in the mouth |
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|
Term
| What breaks down carbohydrates in the stomach? |
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Definition
| There is no direct chemical digestion of carbohydrates happening in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down lipids in the stomach? |
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Definition
| Gastric lipase converts triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down proteins in the stomach? |
|
Definition
Pepsin breaks down proteins in the stomach
breaks down proteins -> smaller polypeptides |
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|
Term
| What activates pepsinogen into Pepsin? |
|
Definition
| HCl which is secreted by parietal cells |
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|
Term
| What synthesizes pepsinogen? |
|
Definition
| Chief cells (Indian chief holding a pepsi) |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
Pancreatic amylase breaks down smaller polysaccharides into disaccharides
Also, brush border enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides |
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|
Term
| What breaks down lipids in the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into glycerol + fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down proteins in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
Peptidases which breaks down polypeptides into tri and di peptides
Trypsin which also breaks down polypeptides into tri and di peptides
Brush Border Enzymes turn tri- and di- peptides into amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: Salivary glands
Location of action: mouth
Substrate: starch/large polysaccharides
Product: smaller polysaccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: Pancreas
Location of Action: small intestine
Substrate: polysaccharides
Product: small polysacharides and tri/di - saccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: small intestine
Location of action: Brush border of small intestine
Substrate: small polysaccharides and tri-saccharides
Product: disacchardies |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: small intestine
Location of action: brush border of small intestine
Substrate: disaccharides
product: monosaccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: Chief cells in stomach (pepsinogen)
Location of action: stomach
Subsrate: protein/large polypeptides
Product: smaller polypeptides |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: pancreas
Location of action: small intestine
Substrate: polypeptides
Product: smaller polypeptides and tri-peptides |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: small intestine
Location of action: brush border of small intestine
Substrate:smaller polypeptides and tri-peptides
Product: Dipeptides and amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: Small intestine
Location of action: brush border of small intestine
Substrate: dipeptides
Product: amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
Source: Salivary Glands
Location of action: mouth
Substrate: triglycerides
Product: Glycerol and Free fatty acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Source: Chief cells in stomach
Location of action: stomach
Substrate: triglycerides
Product: Glycerol and free fatty acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Source: Pancreas
Location of action: small intestine
Substrate: triglycerides
Product: Glycerol and free fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What are absorbed directly across the small intestine into the blood stream? |
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Definition
| Amino Acids and monosaccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
______however cannot be directly absorbed into the blood (hydrophobic nature)
they are instead packaged into chlyomicrons and travel through lymphatic vessels to be transported into the blood at the left subclavian vein where it can be taken to cells in need via lipoproteins |
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|
Term
| Is Bile a digestive enzyme? |
|
Definition
| No, bile is not a digestive enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aid in digestion by physically breaking up large aggregates of lipids into smaller aggregates. This increases the surface area exposed for chemical digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
A type of autoimmune inflammatory bowl disease, which many affect any part of the GI tract but generally targets three main areas: 1) ileum, 2) ileocolic (both ileum and colon), and 3) Colon. It causes a wide variety of symptoms which vary depending on depth of tissue involvement. Some common symptoms include: abdominal pain and diarrhea, frequent bowel movements, ulcers, fistula, and fever.
There are a combination of genetic and environmental factors that can contribute to Crohn's disease. Environmental factors include: increased intake of animal proteins, milk proteins, and omega 6&3 fatty acids. Smoking increases risk of disease flare ups and emotional stress also contributes to it.
Diagnosis is a challenging process because it requires a number of different tests such as endoscopy,radiologic tests (MRI and CT scans), and Blood tests (Specific antibodies)
There is currently no cure for Crohn's disease. Changes in lifestyle, medication, and surgery relieve some of the symptoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Basal Metabolic Rate - energy your body requires to sustain its vital functions under resting conditions |
|
|
Term
| Daily caloric expenditure/need |
|
Definition
BMR x physical activity level
sedentary - BMR x 1.2
lightly active - BMR x 1.375
moderately active - BMR x 1.55
Very active - BMR x 1.725
Extra active - BMR x 1.9 |
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